| Heart rate variability and heart rate in healthy volunteers. Is the female autonomic nervous system cardioprotective? (1998) | |||||||||||||
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| Aims Heart rate variability has been proposed as an indicator of cardiovascular health. Since women have a lower cardiovascular risk, we hypothesized that there are gender differences in autonomic modulation. Methods and Results In 276 healthy subjects (135 women, 141 men) between 18 and 71 years of age, 24h heart rate and heart rate variability were determined. All heart rate variability parameters, except for pNN50 and high frequency power, were higher in men. After adjustment for heart rate, we obtained gender differences for: the standard deviation (P=0·049), the standard deviation of the 5min average (P=0·047), low frequency power (absolute values,P=0·002; normalized units,P | |||||||||||||
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