Levdikov, V.M., Blagova, E., Joseph, P., Sonenshein, A.L., Wilkinson, A.J.
CodY is a global regulator of transcription in Gram-positive bacteria. It represses during growth genes required for adaptation to nutrient limitation, including virulence genes in some human...
Sporulation and Germination. (2002)
Levinson,Hillel S., Sonenshein,A. L., Tipper,Donald J.
The Eighth International Spore Conference was held in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on 9-12 October 1980. Within the beautiful facilities of the Marine Biological Laboratories, 250 scientists from five...
Ireton, K, Jin, S, Grossman, A D, Sonenshein, A L
Expression of genes early during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis requires the activity of the transcription factor encoded by spo0A. The active, phosphorylated form of Spo0A is produced through the...
Sites required for GltC-dependent regulation of Bacillus subtilis glutamate synthase expression.
Belitsky, B R, Janssen, P J, Sonenshein, A L
The Bacillus subtilis gltAB genes, coding for the two subunits of glutamate synthase, are transcribed divergently from the gltC gene, encoding a LysR-type transcriptional activator of gltAB. The...
Mutations in GltC that increase Bacillus subtilis gltA expression.
Belitsky, B R, Sonenshein, A L
Mutants with altered forms of GltC, a positive LysR-type regulator of Bacillus subtilis glutamate synthase gene expression, were isolated. The mutant GltC proteins stimulated expression from the...
A Bacillus subtilis malate dehydrogenase gene.
A Bacillus subtilis gene for malate dehydrogenase (citH) was found downstream of genes for citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase. Disruption of citH caused partial auxotrophy for aspartate...
Autogenous regulation of the Bacillus subtilis glnRA operon.
Purified Bacillus subtilis GlnR was shown to bind with high affinity to a specific region that overlaps with the glnRA promoter site. The GlnR binding site includes four copies of a repeated sequence...
Characterization of the major citrate synthase of Bacillus subtilis.
The major citrate synthase of Bacillus subtilis (CS-II) was purified to near homogeneity and shown to correspond to the product of the citZ gene. Accumulation of CS-II during exponential growth and...
CodY is required for nutritional repression of Bacillus subtilis genetic competence.
The acquisition of genetic competence by Bacillus subtilis is repressed when the growth medium contains Casamino Acids. This repression was shown to be exerted at the level of expression from the...
Belitsky, B R, Sonenshein, A L
A mutation (gltR24) that allows Bacillus subtilis glutamate synthase (gltAB) gene expression in the absence of its positive regulator, GltC, was identified. Cloning and sequencing of the gltR gene...
Jin, S, Levin, P A, Matsuno, K, Grossman, A D, Sonenshein, A L
A Bacillus subtilis mutant with a deletion of citC, the gene encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase, the third enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid branch of the Krebs cycle, had a greatly reduced ability to...
An lrp-like gene of Bacillus subtilis involved in branched-chain amino acid transport.
Belitsky, B R, Gustafsson, M C, Sonenshein, A L, Von Wachenfeldt, C
The azlB locus of Bacillus subtilis was defined previously by a mutation conferring resistance to a leucine analog, 4-azaleucine (J. B. Ward, Jr., and S. A. Zahler, J. Bacteriol. 116:727-735, 1973)....
Craig, J E, Ford, M J, Blaydon, D C, Sonenshein, A L
The citB gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes aconitase, the enzyme of the Krebs citric acid cycle, which is responsible for the interconversion of citrate and isocitrate. A B. subtilis strain with an...
Identification of two distinct Bacillus subtilis citrate synthase genes.
Two distinct Bacillus subtilis genes (citA and citZ) were found to encode citrate synthase isozymes that catalyze the first step of the Krebs cycle. The citA gene was cloned by genetic...
Transcriptional regulation of Bacillus subtilis citrate synthase genes.
The Bacillus subtilis citrate synthase genes citA and citZ were repressed during early exponential growth phase in nutrient broth medium and were induced as cells reached the end of exponential...
Mutations that relieve nutritional repression of the Bacillus subtilis dipeptide permease operon.
Slack, F J, Mueller, J P, Sonenshein, A L
The Bacillus subtilis dciA operon encodes a dipeptide transport complex that is induced rapidly as cells enter stationary phase and initiate sporulation. Expression of this operon in growing cells is...
Mutations in the precursor region of a Bacillus subtilis sporulation sigma factor.
Transcription from some sporulation-specific promoters of Bacillus subtilis is dependent on synthesis of pro-sigma E and its conversion to sigma E by proteolysis. Certain mutations in the precursor...
Mueller, J P, Bukusoglu, G, Sonenshein, A L
The Bacillus subtilis glucose starvation-inducible transcription units, gsiA and gsiB, were characterized by DNA sequencing, transcriptional mapping, mutational analysis, and expression in response...
Role of the Bacillus subtilis gsiA gene in regulation of early sporulation gene expression.
The Bacillus subtilis gsiA operon was induced rapidly, but transiently, as cells entered the stationary phase in nutrient broth medium. A mutation at the gsiC locus caused sporulation to be defective...
A target for carbon source-dependent negative regulation of the citB promoter of Bacillus subtilis.
Expression of the aconitase (citB) gene of Bacillus subtilis is subject to catabolite repression in cells grown in minimal media. In nutrient broth medium, citB expression is low in growing cells but...
Positive regulation of glutamate biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis.
Bohannon, D E, Sonenshein, A L
Nitrogen source regulation of glutamate synthase activity in Bacillus subtilis occurs at the level of transcription of the gltA and gltB genes, which encode the two subunits of the enzyme. We show...
Transcriptional regulation and structure of the Bacillus subtilis sporulation locus spoIIIC.
Errington, J, Rong, S, Rosenkrantz, M S, Sonenshein, A L
The spoIIIC locus of Bacillus subtilis has been cloned from the lambda library of Ferrari et al. (E. Ferrari, D. J. HEnner, and J. A. Hoch, J. Bacteriol. 146:430-432, 1981) by using as an assay...
The DNA sequence for the promoter region of the Bacillus subtilis citB gene has been determined. Presumed "-10" and "-35" regions of the promoter have been identified, and transcriptional and...
Relationship between aconitase gene expression and sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.
Dingman, D W, Rosenkrantz, M S, Sonenshein, A L
The citB of Bacillus subtilis codes for aconitase (D. W. Dingman and A. L. Sonenshein, J. Bacteriol. 169:3060-3065). By direct measurements of citB mRNA levels and by measurements of...
Altered regulation of the glnA gene in glutamine synthetase mutants of Bacillus subtilis.
Schreier, H J, Sonenshein, A L
Expression of beta-galactosidase by Bacillus subtilis strains carrying transcriptional fusions of the glnA promoter region to the Escherichia coli lacZ gene was found to be regulated by the nitrogen...
Multiple regulatory sites in the Bacillus subtilis citB promoter region.
Fouet, A, Jin, S F, Raffel, G, Sonenshein, A L
The aconitase (citB) gene of Bacillus subtilis is repressed during growth in a medium that contains a rapidly metabolizable carbon source and a source of 2-ketoglutarate. It is derepressed when...
Bacillus subtilis citB gene is regulated synergistically by glucose and glutamine.
Rosenkrantz, M S, Dingman, D W, Sonenshein, A L
The activity of aconitase in Bacillus subtilis is greatly reduced in cells cultured in media containing rapidly metabolized carbon sources (e.g., glucose). Thus, expression of this enzyme appears to...
Transcriptional control of the Bacillus subtilis spoIID gene.
Rong, S, Rosenkrantz, M S, Sonenshein, A L
We cloned the wild-type allele of the spoIID locus of Bacillus subtilis. This DNA region was shown to be transcribed beginning within an hour after the onset of sporulation. The amount of spoIID mRNA...
Strain SF22, a glutamine-requiring (Gln-) mutant of Bacillus subtilis SMY, is likely to have a mutation in the structural gene for glutamine synthetase, since this strain synthesized 22 to 55% as...
Promoter-probe plasmid for Bacillus subtilis.
Donnelly, C E, Sonenshein, A L
We have constructed a promoter-probe expression vector for Bacillus subtilis. This plasmid, pCED6, can be used to fuse various DNA sequences to the structural gene of Escherichia coli...
Regulation of Bacillus subtilis glutamate synthase genes by the nitrogen source.
Bohannon, D E, Rosenkrantz, M S, Sonenshein, A L
The wild-type alleles of the gltA292 and gltB1 mutations of Bacillus subtilis have been identified in banks of B. subtilis DNA cloned in phage lambda. These mutations are thought to define the genes...
Lipiarmycin-resistant ribonucleic acid polymerase mutants of Bacillus subtilis.
Sonenshein, A L, Alexander, H B, Rothstein, D M, Fisher, S H
Lipiarmycin inhibited the activity of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase in vitro. We showed that inhibition was due to interference by lipiarmycin with the activity of...
Nucleic acid synthesis was studied during germination and outgrowth of normal spores of Bacillus subtilis, as well as of spores carrying the genome of phage phie. In a system in which development was...
Linn, T, Losick, R, Sonenshein, A L
The rifampin-resistance mutation of LS3,an asporogenous mutant of Bacillus subtilis 3610, leads to altered mobility of the beta subunit of ribonucleic acid polymerase in sodium dodecyl...
Inhibition by lipiarmycin of bacteriophage growth in Bacillus subtilis.
We have used lipiarmycin, a specific inhibitor of initiation of transcription, to study the role of host RNA polymerase in the transcription programs of various phages of Bacillus subtilis. Unlike...
Haldenwang, W G, Banner, C D, Ollington, J F, Losick, R, Hoch, J A, O'Connor, M B, ...
A segment of Bacillus subtilis deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) previously cloned in Escherichia coli contains a gene (the 0.4-kilobase [kb] gene) whose transcription is activated at an early stage of...
Identification of a sporulation locus in cloned Bacillus subtilis deoxyribonucleic acid.
Moran, C P, Losick, R, Sonenshein, A L
A cloned deoxyribonucleic acid from the purA-cysA region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome was shown to contain the spoVC locus, a gene whose product is required for sporulation. This is the first...
Expression from the Clostridium perfringens cpe promoter in C. perfringens and Bacillus subtilis.
Melville, S B, Labbe, R, Sonenshein, A L
Clostridium perfringens is a source of food poisoning in humans and animals because of production of a potent enterotoxin (CPE). To study the regulation of the cpe gene in C. perfringens, we cloned...
Behavior of a temperate bacteriophage in differentiating cells of Bacillus subtilis.
During the first 6 hr of sporulation, infection of Bacillus subtilis by by phi105 wild type or the clear-plaque mutant phi105 c30 was nonproductive, but phage DNA was trapped inside developing...
Regulation of expression from the glnA promoter of Bacillus subtilis requires the glnA gene product.
Schreier, H J, Fisher, S H, Sonenshein, A L
Expression of the cloned glnA gene [coding for glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2)] of Bacillus subtilis was 10-fold higher in an Escherichia coli strain grown under nitrogen-limiting conditions than...
Ireton, K, Jin, S, Grossman, A D, Sonenshein, A L
Expression of genes early during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis requires the activity of the transcription factor encoded by spo0A. The active, phosphorylated form of Spo0A is produced through the...
Sites required for GltC-dependent regulation of Bacillus subtilis glutamate synthase expression.
Belitsky, B R, Janssen, P J, Sonenshein, A L
The Bacillus subtilis gltAB genes, coding for the two subunits of glutamate synthase, are transcribed divergently from the gltC gene, encoding a LysR-type transcriptional activator of gltAB. The...
Mutations in GltC that increase Bacillus subtilis gltA expression.
Belitsky, B R, Sonenshein, A L
Mutants with altered forms of GltC, a positive LysR-type regulator of Bacillus subtilis glutamate synthase gene expression, were isolated. The mutant GltC proteins stimulated expression from the...
A Bacillus subtilis malate dehydrogenase gene.
A Bacillus subtilis gene for malate dehydrogenase (citH) was found downstream of genes for citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase. Disruption of citH caused partial auxotrophy for aspartate...
Autogenous regulation of the Bacillus subtilis glnRA operon.
Purified Bacillus subtilis GlnR was shown to bind with high affinity to a specific region that overlaps with the glnRA promoter site. The GlnR binding site includes four copies of a repeated sequence...
Characterization of the major citrate synthase of Bacillus subtilis.
The major citrate synthase of Bacillus subtilis (CS-II) was purified to near homogeneity and shown to correspond to the product of the citZ gene. Accumulation of CS-II during exponential growth and...
CodY is required for nutritional repression of Bacillus subtilis genetic competence.
The acquisition of genetic competence by Bacillus subtilis is repressed when the growth medium contains Casamino Acids. This repression was shown to be exerted at the level of expression from the...
Belitsky, B R, Sonenshein, A L
A mutation (gltR24) that allows Bacillus subtilis glutamate synthase (gltAB) gene expression in the absence of its positive regulator, GltC, was identified. Cloning and sequencing of the gltR gene...
Jin, S, Levin, P A, Matsuno, K, Grossman, A D, Sonenshein, A L
A Bacillus subtilis mutant with a deletion of citC, the gene encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase, the third enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid branch of the Krebs cycle, had a greatly reduced ability to...
An lrp-like gene of Bacillus subtilis involved in branched-chain amino acid transport.
Belitsky, B R, Gustafsson, M C, Sonenshein, A L, Von Wachenfeldt, C
The azlB locus of Bacillus subtilis was defined previously by a mutation conferring resistance to a leucine analog, 4-azaleucine (J. B. Ward, Jr., and S. A. Zahler, J. Bacteriol. 116:727-735, 1973)....
Craig, J E, Ford, M J, Blaydon, D C, Sonenshein, A L
The citB gene of Bacillus subtilis encodes aconitase, the enzyme of the Krebs citric acid cycle, which is responsible for the interconversion of citrate and isocitrate. A B. subtilis strain with an...
Identification of two distinct Bacillus subtilis citrate synthase genes.
Two distinct Bacillus subtilis genes (citA and citZ) were found to encode citrate synthase isozymes that catalyze the first step of the Krebs cycle. The citA gene was cloned by genetic...
Transcriptional regulation of Bacillus subtilis citrate synthase genes.
The Bacillus subtilis citrate synthase genes citA and citZ were repressed during early exponential growth phase in nutrient broth medium and were induced as cells reached the end of exponential...
Mutations that relieve nutritional repression of the Bacillus subtilis dipeptide permease operon.
Slack, F J, Mueller, J P, Sonenshein, A L
The Bacillus subtilis dciA operon encodes a dipeptide transport complex that is induced rapidly as cells enter stationary phase and initiate sporulation. Expression of this operon in growing cells is...
Mutations in the precursor region of a Bacillus subtilis sporulation sigma factor.
Transcription from some sporulation-specific promoters of Bacillus subtilis is dependent on synthesis of pro-sigma E and its conversion to sigma E by proteolysis. Certain mutations in the precursor...
Mueller, J P, Bukusoglu, G, Sonenshein, A L
The Bacillus subtilis glucose starvation-inducible transcription units, gsiA and gsiB, were characterized by DNA sequencing, transcriptional mapping, mutational analysis, and expression in response...
Role of the Bacillus subtilis gsiA gene in regulation of early sporulation gene expression.
The Bacillus subtilis gsiA operon was induced rapidly, but transiently, as cells entered the stationary phase in nutrient broth medium. A mutation at the gsiC locus caused sporulation to be defective...
A target for carbon source-dependent negative regulation of the citB promoter of Bacillus subtilis.
Expression of the aconitase (citB) gene of Bacillus subtilis is subject to catabolite repression in cells grown in minimal media. In nutrient broth medium, citB expression is low in growing cells but...
Positive regulation of glutamate biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis.
Bohannon, D E, Sonenshein, A L
Nitrogen source regulation of glutamate synthase activity in Bacillus subtilis occurs at the level of transcription of the gltA and gltB genes, which encode the two subunits of the enzyme. We show...
Transcriptional regulation and structure of the Bacillus subtilis sporulation locus spoIIIC.
Errington, J, Rong, S, Rosenkrantz, M S, Sonenshein, A L
The spoIIIC locus of Bacillus subtilis has been cloned from the lambda library of Ferrari et al. (E. Ferrari, D. J. HEnner, and J. A. Hoch, J. Bacteriol. 146:430-432, 1981) by using as an assay...
The DNA sequence for the promoter region of the Bacillus subtilis citB gene has been determined. Presumed "-10" and "-35" regions of the promoter have been identified, and transcriptional and...
Relationship between aconitase gene expression and sporulation in Bacillus subtilis.
Dingman, D W, Rosenkrantz, M S, Sonenshein, A L
The citB of Bacillus subtilis codes for aconitase (D. W. Dingman and A. L. Sonenshein, J. Bacteriol. 169:3060-3065). By direct measurements of citB mRNA levels and by measurements of...
Altered regulation of the glnA gene in glutamine synthetase mutants of Bacillus subtilis.
Schreier, H J, Sonenshein, A L
Expression of beta-galactosidase by Bacillus subtilis strains carrying transcriptional fusions of the glnA promoter region to the Escherichia coli lacZ gene was found to be regulated by the nitrogen...
Multiple regulatory sites in the Bacillus subtilis citB promoter region.
Fouet, A, Jin, S F, Raffel, G, Sonenshein, A L
The aconitase (citB) gene of Bacillus subtilis is repressed during growth in a medium that contains a rapidly metabolizable carbon source and a source of 2-ketoglutarate. It is derepressed when...
Bacillus subtilis citB gene is regulated synergistically by glucose and glutamine.
Rosenkrantz, M S, Dingman, D W, Sonenshein, A L
The activity of aconitase in Bacillus subtilis is greatly reduced in cells cultured in media containing rapidly metabolized carbon sources (e.g., glucose). Thus, expression of this enzyme appears to...
Transcriptional control of the Bacillus subtilis spoIID gene.
Rong, S, Rosenkrantz, M S, Sonenshein, A L
We cloned the wild-type allele of the spoIID locus of Bacillus subtilis. This DNA region was shown to be transcribed beginning within an hour after the onset of sporulation. The amount of spoIID mRNA...
Strain SF22, a glutamine-requiring (Gln-) mutant of Bacillus subtilis SMY, is likely to have a mutation in the structural gene for glutamine synthetase, since this strain synthesized 22 to 55% as...
Promoter-probe plasmid for Bacillus subtilis.
Donnelly, C E, Sonenshein, A L
We have constructed a promoter-probe expression vector for Bacillus subtilis. This plasmid, pCED6, can be used to fuse various DNA sequences to the structural gene of Escherichia coli...
Regulation of Bacillus subtilis glutamate synthase genes by the nitrogen source.
Bohannon, D E, Rosenkrantz, M S, Sonenshein, A L
The wild-type alleles of the gltA292 and gltB1 mutations of Bacillus subtilis have been identified in banks of B. subtilis DNA cloned in phage lambda. These mutations are thought to define the genes...
Lipiarmycin-resistant ribonucleic acid polymerase mutants of Bacillus subtilis.
Sonenshein, A L, Alexander, H B, Rothstein, D M, Fisher, S H
Lipiarmycin inhibited the activity of deoxyribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase in vitro. We showed that inhibition was due to interference by lipiarmycin with the activity of...
Nucleic acid synthesis was studied during germination and outgrowth of normal spores of Bacillus subtilis, as well as of spores carrying the genome of phage phie. In a system in which development was...
Linn, T, Losick, R, Sonenshein, A L
The rifampin-resistance mutation of LS3,an asporogenous mutant of Bacillus subtilis 3610, leads to altered mobility of the beta subunit of ribonucleic acid polymerase in sodium dodecyl...
Inhibition by lipiarmycin of bacteriophage growth in Bacillus subtilis.
We have used lipiarmycin, a specific inhibitor of initiation of transcription, to study the role of host RNA polymerase in the transcription programs of various phages of Bacillus subtilis. Unlike...
Haldenwang, W G, Banner, C D, Ollington, J F, Losick, R, Hoch, J A, O'Connor, M B, ...
A segment of Bacillus subtilis deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) previously cloned in Escherichia coli contains a gene (the 0.4-kilobase [kb] gene) whose transcription is activated at an early stage of...
Identification of a sporulation locus in cloned Bacillus subtilis deoxyribonucleic acid.
Moran, C P, Losick, R, Sonenshein, A L
A cloned deoxyribonucleic acid from the purA-cysA region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome was shown to contain the spoVC locus, a gene whose product is required for sporulation. This is the first...
Expression from the Clostridium perfringens cpe promoter in C. perfringens and Bacillus subtilis.
Melville, S B, Labbe, R, Sonenshein, A L
Clostridium perfringens is a source of food poisoning in humans and animals because of production of a potent enterotoxin (CPE). To study the regulation of the cpe gene in C. perfringens, we cloned...
Behavior of a temperate bacteriophage in differentiating cells of Bacillus subtilis.
During the first 6 hr of sporulation, infection of Bacillus subtilis by by phi105 wild type or the clear-plaque mutant phi105 c30 was nonproductive, but phage DNA was trapped inside developing...
Regulation of expression from the glnA promoter of Bacillus subtilis requires the glnA gene product.
Schreier, H J, Fisher, S H, Sonenshein, A L
Expression of the cloned glnA gene [coding for glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2)] of Bacillus subtilis was 10-fold higher in an Escherichia coli strain grown under nitrogen-limiting conditions than...