Albrecht Schmidt

Privacy and Curiosity in Mobile Interactions with Public Displays (2009)

Paul Holleis, Enrico Rukzio, Friderike Otto, Albrecht Schmidt

Personal multimedia devices like mobile phones create new needs for larger displays distributed at specific points in the environment to look up information about the current place, playing games or...

AND PHYSICAL MOBILE INTERACTION (2009)

Gregor Broll, John Hamard, Massimo Paolucci, Markus Haarländer, Sven Siorpaes, Enrico Rukzio, ...

The proposed demonstration is based on the work performed in the PERCI project and presents a generic framework to access and interact with Web Services through mobile interaction with real world...

Mobile Interaction with the Internet of Things (2009)

Sven Siorpaes, Gregor Broll, Massimo Paolucci, Enrico Rukzio, John Hamard, Matthias Wagner, ...

Abstract. The interaction between mobile devices and physical objects in the real world is gaining more and more attention as it provides a natural and intuitive way to request services associated...

Books (2009)

Lfe Medieninformatik, Albrecht Schmidt, Andreas Butz, Multimodale Benutzerschnittstellen, ...

� Die Vorlesung „Advanced Topics in HCI “ (Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 2) behandelt weitergehende Aspekte der Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Computer. Prinzipien und Konzepte der...

Context-aware mobile media and social networks : workshop (2009)

Häkkilä, Jonna, Schmidt, Albrecht, Mäntyjärvi, Jani, Sahami, Alireza, Åkerman, Panu, Dey, Anind K.

ACM International Conference Proceeding Series: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services

Supporting Mobile Service Interaction through Semantic Service Description Annotation and Automatic Interface Generation (2008)

Gregor Broll, Sven Siorpaes, Massimo Paolucci, Enrico Rukzio, John Hamard, Matthias Wagner, ...

Abstract. One of the current challenges in Mobile Computing is bringing services directly to mobile users, which is handicapped by two major hurdles: Phones and services do not interoperate as...

An Array Algebra (2008)

Schmidt, Albrecht

This is a proposal of an algebra which aims at distributed array processing. The focus lies on re-arranging and distributing array data, which may be multi-dimensional. The context of the work is...

Detailed Monitoring of User’s Gaze and Interaction to Improve Future E-Learning (2008)

Heiko Drewes, Richard Atterer, Albrecht Schmidt

Abstract. In this paper, we investigate how to use future interaction technologies to enhance learning technologies. We examine in detail how tracking the mouse pointer and observing the user’s...

Mobile Phones as Tool to Increase Communication and Location Awareness of Users (2008)

Albrecht Schmidt, Paul Holleis

Mobile phones have become a ubiquitous technology and for many people a daily companion. The prime function is to enable communication and information access anywhere and anytime, but the fact that...

Journal of Virtual Reality and Broadcasting, Volume 3(2006), no. 1 Abstract Playing with the Real World (2008)

Paul Holleis, Matthias Kranz, Anneke Winter, Albrecht Schmidt

www.hcilab.org In this paper we provide a framework that enables the rapid development of applications using non-standard input devices. Flash is chosen as programming language since it can be used...

Mobile Interaction in Smart Environments (2008)

Karin Leichtenstern, Enrico Rukzio, Jeannette Chin, Vic Callaghan, Albrecht Schmidt

Abstract. This ‘work in progress ’ paper presents a framework, a analysis and a design of a set of mobile phone based prototypes. These prototypes have been used to evaluate mobile interaction in...

der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München von (2008)

Enrico Rukzio, Tag Der Einreichung, Prof Dr, Albrecht Schmidt, Prof Dr, Hans Gellersen, ...

So far, mobile devices have mainly been used for interactions between the user, the device and the used service without considering the context of use. However, during the last years we have seen a...

Developing Gestural Input (2008)

Matthias Kranz, Stefan Freund, Paul Holleis, Albrecht Schmidt

In this paper, we present the Gesture Cube, a digitally augmented cube for human-computer interaction. The Gesture Cube is designed to be an unobtrusive and playful interaction device for controlling...

Integrating User Performance Time Models in the Design of Tangible UIs (2008)

Paul Holleis, Dagmar Kern, Albrecht Schmidt

One of the aspects that are important for judging an application is the time an experienced user needs to complete a task. This can be assessed by a Keystroke-Level Model (KLM) of that task. In this...

9 Interactive Context-Aware Systems Interacting with Ambient Intelligence (2008)

G. Riva, F. Vatalaro, F. Davide, M. Alcañiz (eds, Albrecht Schmidt

Abstract. Interactive systems have been the dominant computing paradigm over recent years. This paradigm is characterized by the fact that human user and the system communicate and interact...

Utilizing Mobile Phones as Ambient Information Displays (2008)

Albrecht Schmidt, Jonna Häkkilä, Richard Atterer, Enrico Rukzio, Paul Holleis

Mobile phones have become a ubiquitous technology and for many people a daily companion, primarily used for communication and information access. The fact that the phone is accompanying the user...

Workshop Mobile and Embedded Interactive Systems (MEIS'06) (2008)

Albrecht Schmidt, Michael Rohs, Manfred Broy, Elisabeth André

1 Workshop Theme Interaction with mobile devices and embedded systems has become a part of everyday life. As mobile devices get more sophisticated and embedded systems are increasingly interconnected...

The Display Cube as Playful TUI To Support Learning (2008)

Matthias Kranz, Paul Holleis, Corinna Grueber, Mark Bilandzic, Johannes Vetter, Albrecht Schmidt

Abstract. In this paper we present new results of our ongoing research project on the Display Cube. The Display Cube is a playful tangible user interface for fostering learning for young children...

Neue Benutzerschnittstellen für Spiele (2008)

Radostina Ruseva, Albrecht Schmidt, Benutzungsschnittstellen Computerspielen, Der Schwerpunkt

Menschen erfordert. Die virtuellen Spiele sind intuitiver und konsistenter. Das erhöht die Benutzerfreundlichkeit und vermeidet die Verärgerung, die mit dem

Adding Usability to Web Engineering Models and Tools (2008)

Richard Atterer, Albrecht Schmidt

Abstract. In this paper, we examine how the task of creating usable websites can be made more efficient. Models and generation of websites have been a central issue for Web Engineering over recent...

Interacting with Tangible Displays (2008)

Paul Holleis, Enrico Rukzio, Thomas Kraus, Matthias Kranz, Albrecht Schmidt

Abstract. In this paper we present the concept, implementation and evaluation of distributed small display devices used for environment based messaging. These displays can visualize messages...

WYSIWYG-Tool Tips: Enhancing Tool Tips with Translucent Preview Bitmaps (2008)

Heiko Drewes, Albrecht Schmidt

Abstract. This paper suggests to enhance the concept of tool tips by presenting translucent preview bitmaps. The basic idea is to give the user a preview of what would happen when a certain operation...

Distributed Ubiquitous Systems (2008)

Eva Vodvarsky, Paul Holleis, Matthias Kranz, Albrecht Schmidt, Fraunhofer Iais, ...

In this paper, we present two mobile platforms in an interactive learning context for children. The first system is the BlueCube, a wirelessly networked tangible computer using acceleration sensors...

Pervasive Activity Detection with Capacitive Sensing (2008)

Raphael Wimmer, Matthias Kranz, Albrecht Schmidt, Sebastian Boring

This paper presents a toolkit for realizing capacitive sensing applications for human-computer interaction in pervasive computing systems. We describe the CapSenseToolkit, a complete toolkit for...

Designing Ubiquitous Computing Systems for Sports Equipment (2008)

Matthias Kranz, Wolfgang Spiessl, Albrecht Schmidt

In this paper, we report on a user-centered, iterative design process for augmenting sports equipment with ubiquitous computing technology. In several design iterations, a fully working system for...

• Feedback � Direct Mapped Controls (2008)

Lfe Medieninformatik, Heinrich Hußmann, Albrecht Schmidt, Hard Wired Buttons/controls

- On/off switch- Volume slider • Physical controls that can be mapped- PalmPilot buttons- “internet-keyboard ” buttons- Industrial applications � Media capture • Media type

Sensing Technologies and the Player-Middleware for Context-Awareness in Kitchen Environments (2008)

Matthias Kranz, Albrecht Schmidt, Benedikt Hörnler, Gerhard Rigoll

Abstract — In this paper we report on a use case of networked sensing technologies in the context of smart homes and specifically the kitchen as scenario for our research. We adapt, use and extend...

Distortion-based Techniques � Bifocal Display � Polyfocal Display � Perspective Wall � Fisheye View (2008)

Lfe Medieninformatik, Heinrich Hußmann, Albrecht Schmidt

� Information & representation � What is information visualization � Perception basics � Standard techniques � Principles and Taxonomy � Options for visualization & Examples...

Word/session level (2008)

Lfe Medieninformatik, Albrecht Schmidt, Andreas Butz

Pocket Computer � Research platform � Gesture and speech interaction � tilt-to-scroll and Rock ’n ’ Scroll to include the use of gestures to issue commands. VIDEO 11/07/06 LMU München …...

Abstract (2008)

Menzo Windhouwer, Albrecht Schmidt, Martin Kersten

In this paper, we present a system that combines independent feature detector programs with multimedia database technology to provide a semantic rich index to multimedia data items on the World Wide...

Vorlesung Advanced Topics in HCI (Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion 2) (2008)

Lfe Medieninformatik, Heinrich Hußmann, Albrecht Schmidt, Edward R. Tufte

“Graphical excellence is that which gives to the viewer the greatest number of ideas in the shortest time with the least ink in the smallest space.”

Abstract (2008)

Albrecht Schmidt, Michael H. Böhlen

This paper presents a method for accelerating algorithms for computing common statistical operations like parameter estimation or sampling on B-Tree indexed data; the work was carried out in the...

Thracker- Using Capacitive Sensing for Gesture Recognition (2008)

Raphael Wimmer, Paul Holleis, Matthias Kranz, Albrecht Schmidt

In this paper we present Thracker – a low-cost and robust hardware to track hand gestures in front of a screen or small-scale active spaces like public displays or posters. Thracker uses capacitive...

Interacting with the Computer using Gaze Gestures (2008)

Heiko Drewes, Albrecht Schmidt

Abstract. This paper investigates novel ways to direct computers by eye gaze. Instead of using fixations and dwell times, this work focuses on eye motion, in particular gaze gestures. Gaze gestures...

Mobile Interaction with the Real World: An Evaluation and Comparison of Physical Mobile Interaction Techniques (2008)

Enrico Rukzio, Gregor Broll, Karin Leichtenstern, Albrecht Schmidt

Abstract. Mobile devices are more and more used for mobile interactions with things, places and people in the real world. However, so far no studies have discussed which interaction techniques are...

A Proxy-Based Infrastructure for Web Application Sharing and Remote Collaboration on Web Pages (2008)

Richard Atterer, Albrecht Schmidt, Monika Wnuk

Abstract. When people collaborate remotely, the WWW is part of the shared resources they use together. However, web pages do not offer support for collaborative interaction such as viewing or...

Context-Aware Kitchen Utilities (2008)

Albrecht Schmidt

We report on approaches for context-awareness in a kitchen environment. Two devices, an augmented cutting board and a sensor-enriched knife, enable the environment to determine the type of food...

CardioViz: Contextual Capture and Visualization for Long-term ECG Data (2008)

Alireza Sahami Shirazi, Diana Cheng, Oliver Kroell, Dagmar Kern, Albrecht Schmidt

In the project CardioViz we explore a novel system for long-term Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring. In contrast to conventional ECG monitoring, the system additionally provides means to capture...

Supporting Service Interaction in the Real World (2008)

Gregor Broll, Sven Siorpaes, Enrico Rukzio, Massimo Paolucci, John Hamard, Matthias Wagner, ...

Abstract. Driven by improved mobile information access and capture, physical mobile interaction is increasingly gaining importance. It uses and exploits the familiar interaction with real world...

Physical Prototyping (2008)

Hans Gellersen, Gerd Kortuem, Albrecht Schmidt, Michael Beigl

with Smart-Its Exploring novel ubiquitous computing systems and applications inevitably requires prototyping physical components. Smart-Its are hardware and software components that augment physical...

WEBFLOW: DECENTRALIZED WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT IN THE WORLD WIDE WEB (2008)

Michael Weber, Torsten Illmann, Albrecht Schmidt

In this paper we introduce a workflow management system, called WebFlow, which is based on the world wide web and Java as its basic technologies. Java is used as the build time (modeling) language to...

Abstract MediaCups: Experience with Design and Use of Computer- Augmented Everyday Artefacts (2008)

Michael Beigl, Hans-w. Gellersen, Albrecht Schmidt

Our view of ubiquitous computing is artefact-centred: in this view, computers are considered as secondary artefacts that enable items of everyday use as networked digital artefacts. This view is...

Physical Prototyping (2008)

Hans Gellersen, Gerd Kortuem, Albrecht Schmidt, Michael Beigl

with Smart-Its Exploring novel ubiquitous computing systems and applications inevitably requires prototyping physical components. Smart-Its are hardware and software components that augment physical...

Efficient Maintenance of Ephemeral Data (2008)

Albrecht Schmidt, Christian S. Jensen

Abstract. Motivated by the increasing prominence of loosely-coupled systems, such as mobile and sensor networks, the characteristics of which include intermittent connectivity and volatile data, we...

WEBFLOW: DECENTRALIZED WORKFLOW MANAGEMENT IN THE WORLD WIDE WEB (2008)

Michael Weber, Torsten Illmann, Albrecht Schmidt

In this paper we introduce a workflow management system, called WebFlow, which is based on the world wide web and Java as its basic technologies. Java is used as the build time (modeling) language to...

Multimedia Technologies And Internet Services For (2008)

Optimizing Civil Engineering, Gerhard Partsch, Albrecht Schmidt, Alexander Specker, Michael Weber

In this paper we propose a communication and cooperation system for optimizing civil engineering work processes. The system exploits standard software components such as CAD-tools and augments them...

Abstract MediaCups: Experience with Design and Use of Computer- Augmented Everyday Artefacts (2007)

Michael Beigl, Hans-w. Gellersen, Albrecht Schmidt

Our view of ubiquitous computing is artefact-centred: in this view, computers are considered as secondary artefacts that enable items of everyday use as networked digital artefacts. This view is...

Title Parameter Estimation for Interactive Visualisation of Scientific Data (2007)

Albrecht Schmidt, Author(s Albrecht Schmidt, Michael H. Böhlen, Michael H. Böhlen

For additional information, see the DB TECH REPORTS homepage: 〈www.cs.auc.dk/DBTR〉. Any software made available via DB TECH REPORTS is provided “as is ” and without any express or implied...

Mobile Ad-hoc Communication Issues in Ubiquitous Computing The Smart-Its Experimentation Platforms (2007)

Albrecht Schmidt, Frank Siegemund, Michael Beigl, Stavros Antifakos, Florian Michahelles, Hans-w. Gellersen

As we become familiar with the idea of connecting PDAs, notebook PCs and wallsized screens, as put forward in [1], ubiquitous computing in everyday environments creates yet new challenges for mobile...

The Intelligent Systems Group (2007)

Albrecht Schmidt, Zuhair Bandar

This paper proposes a two layer modular neural system. The basic building blocks of the architecture are multilayer Perceptrons trained with the Backpropagation algorithm. Due to the proposed modular...

General Terms (2007)

Albrecht Schmidt

The World-Wide Web constitutes an activity space in which people set up and host places that are visited by others. To render web places such as homes, sites, and portals attractive for visitors has...

MODULARITY- A CONCEPT FOR NEW NEURAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURES (2007)

Telecooperation Office (teco, Albrecht Schmidt, Zuhair Bandar

This paper focuses on the powerful concept of modularity. It is descried how this concept is deployed in natural neural networks on an architectural as well as on a functional level. Furthermore...

Agents, Brokers, Traders, and Services in Cooperative Systems (2007)

Albrecht Schmidt, Er Specker, Gerhard Partsch, Michael Weber

As the amount of information and communication increases dramatically new working environments must provide efficient mechanisms to maximize the benefits of these developments. In this paper a...

Acknowledgement ii Acknowledgement (2007)

Albrecht Schmidt

Zuhair A. Bandar from whom I have learned much about neural networks. I wish to acknowledge his support and guidance throughout the project. I am greatly thankful to Dave Shield for his e orts in...

MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGIES AND INTERNET SERVICES FOR OPTIMIZING CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS (2007)

Gerhard Partsch, Albrecht Schmidt, Alexander Specker, Michael Weber

In this paper we propose a communication and cooperation system for optimizing civil engineering work processes. The system exploits standard software components such as CAD-tools and augments them...

A Modular Neural Network Architecture (2007)

With Additional Generalization, Albrecht Schmidt

iii Abstract In this project a new modular neural network is proposed. The basic building blocks of the architecture are small multilayer feedforward networks, trained using the Backpropagation...

1 The Smart-Its Platform Building Intelligent Environments with Smart-Its (2007)

Lars Erik Holmquist, Lalya Gaye, Hans-w. Gellersen, Albrecht Schmidt, Martin Strohbach

realize a vision of “computation everywhere”, or ubiquitous computing, where computer technology is seamlessly integrated in everyday life, supporting users in everyday tasks. We approach this...

Int. J. Human-Computer Studies (2002) 56, 000--000 (2007)

Doi Available Online, Hans-w. Gellersen, Albrecht Schmidt

this paper, we contribute a preliminary study conducted with expert web hosts in di#erent domains, investigating the use of information on visiting activity as feedback for web operation

Interview: Mitdenkende Gegenstände (2007)

Prieth, Sonja, Strang, Thomas, Patel, Shwetak, Sellen, Abigail, Lukowicz, Paul, Schmidt, Albrecht

Gegenstände, die mitdenken. Eine Armbanduhr, auf der die Mutter sehen kann, ob ihre Kinder noch im Garten spielen oder ob sie sich in Richtung Straße bewegen – das ist ein Anwendungsbeispiel für...

VoodooFlash: authoring across physical and digital form (2007)

Spiessl, Wolfgang, Villar, Nicolas, Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht

Design tools that integrate hardware and software components facilitate product design work across aspects of physical form and user interaction, but at the cost of requiring designers to work with...

Comparing Techniques for Mobile Interaction with Objects from the Real World. Workshop Permid 2007 in conjunction with Pervasive 2007 (2007)

Gregor Broll, Sven Siorpaes, Enrico Rukzio, Massimo Paolucci, John Hamard, Matthias Wagner, ...

Mobile interaction with objects from the real world is gaining in popularity and importance as different mobile technologies increasingly provide the basis for the extraction and usage of information...

Methods and Guidelines for the Design and Development of Domestic Ubiquitous Computing Applications (2007)

Albrecht Schmidt

Bringing ubiquitous computing applications to home environments is a great challenge. In our research we investigate how applications can be conceived, designed, and implemented that fit into...

Methods and Guidelines for the Design and Development of Domestic Ubiquitous Computing Applications (2007)

Albrecht Schmidt

In our research we investigate how applications can be conceived, designed, and implemented that fit into people’s home environments. In particular we describe our method of how user centred design...

Communications 1 Mobile Services for Near Field Communication (2007)

Enrico Rukzio, Ulrich Dietz, Paul Holleis, Albrecht Schmidt, Oliver Falke, Enrico Rukzio, ...

Mobile phones are currently arguably the most widespread mobile computing devices and have found their way into our social and emotional life. Using physical objects as entry points to data and...

Supporting Mobile Service Usage through Physical Mobile Interaction (2007)

Gregor Broll, Sven Siorpaes, Enrico Rukzio, Massimo Paolucci, John Hamard, Matthias Wagner, ...

Although mobile services can be used ubiquitously, their employment and the interaction with them are still restricted by the constraints of mobile devices. In order to facilitate and leverage mobile...

An Experimental Comparison of Physical Mobile Interaction Techniques: Touching, Pointing and Scanning (2006)

Enrico Rukzio, Karin Leichtenstern, Vic Callaghan, Paul Holleis, Albrecht Schmidt, Jeannette Chin

Abstract. This paper presents an analysis, implementation and evaluation of the physical mobile interaction techniques touching, pointing and scanning. Based on this we have formulated guidelines...

Playing with the Real World (2005)

Holleis, Paul, Kranz, Matthias, Winter, Anneke, Schmidt, Albrecht

In this paper we provide a framework that enables the rapid development of applications using non-standard input devices. Flash is chosen as programming language since it can be used for quickly...

The Pendle: A Personal Mediator for Mixed Initiative Environments (2005)

Villar, Nicolas, Kortuem, Gerd, Van Laerhoven, Kristof, Schmidt, Albrecht

In this paper we propose a novel interaction model for augmented environments based on the concept of mixed initiative interaction, and describe the design of the Pendle, a gesture-based wearable...

NAD(P)H oxidase and multidrug resistance protein genetic polymorphisms are associated with doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity (2005)

Wojnowski, Leszek, Kulle, Bettina, Schirmer, Markus, Schlüter, Gregor, Schmidt, Albrecht, Rosenberger, Albert, ...

Background: A significant number of patients treated with anthracyclines develop cardiotoxicity (anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity [ACT]), mainly presenting as arrhythmias (acute ACT) or...

Expected, sensed, and desired: A framework for designing sensing-based interaction (2005)

Benford, Steve, Schnadelbach, Holger, Koleva, Boriana, Anastasi, Rob, Greenhalgh, Chris, Rodden, Tom, ...

Movements of interfaces can be analyzed in terms of whether they are expected, sensed, and desired. Expected movements are those that users naturally perform; sensed are those that can be measured by...

Adding context information to digital photos (2005)

Paul Holleis, Matthias Kranz, Marion Gall, Albrecht Schmidt

In a user centered design process, we investigate what context information may be used to augment digital photos with additional meta information. We describe our initial findings from user...

A Framework for Mobile Interactions with the Physical World (2005)

Enrico Rukzio, Sergej Wetzstein, Albrecht Schmidt

Abstract—Mobile interactions with the physical world, meaning a person uses her mobile device as mediator for the interaction with a physical object, get more and more popular in industry and...

The rotating compass: a novel interaction technique for mobile navigation (2005)

Enrico Rukzio, Albrecht Schmidt, Antonio Krüger

In current mobile navigation systems users receive the navigational instructions on a visual display or by descriptive audio. The mapping between the provided navigation information and the...

Prototyping Smart Objects for Ubiquitous Computing (2005)

Matthias Kranz, Albrecht Schmidt

Abstract. Technology enabling us to augment physical objects with electronics and thereby making them ’smart ’ is readily available. What could keep us from building smart objects? This paper...

Expected, Sensed, and Desired: A Framework for Designing Sensing-Based Interaction (2005)

Steve Benford, Holger Schnädelbach, Boriana Koleva, Rob Anastasi, Chris Greenhalgh, Tom Rodden, ...

This article introduces a design framework for sensing-based interfaces in which designers are encouraged to compare expected physical movements with those that can be sensed by a computer system and...

reserved. (2005)

Albrecht Schmidt, Christian S. Jensen, Author(s Albrecht Schmidt, Christian S. Jensen, ...

Any software made available via TIMECENTER is provided “as is ” and without any express or implied warranties, including, without limitation, the implied warranty of merchantability and fitness...

ABSTRACT (2005)

Ressourcenadaptive Kognitive Prozesse, Leitung Prof, W. Wahlster, Kognitive Prozesse, ...

This second workshop on Multi-User and Ubiquitous User Interfaces aims at further investigating two major issues identified at last year’s MU3I: control and consistency. The former relates to how a...

Physical prototyping with smart-its (2004)

Gellersen, Hans, Kortuem, Gerd, Schmidt, Albrecht, Beigl, Michael

Ubiquitous computing is characterized by a departure from general-purpose machines and standard user interface devices. Instead, it envisions integrating digital computationýs flexibility into...

Building intelligent environments with smart-its (2004)

Holmquist, Lars Erik, Gellersen, Hans, Kortuem, Gerd, Schmidt, Albrecht, Strohbach, Martin, Antifakos, Stavros, ...

Smart-Its are self-contained, stick-on computers that attach to everyday objects. These augmented objects become soft media, enabling dynamic digital relationships with users and each other.

The drift table: designing for ludic engagement (2004)

Gaver, William W., Bowers, John, Boucher, Andrew, Gellersen, Hans, Pennington, Sarah, Schmidt, Albrecht, ...

The Drift Table is an electronic coffee table that displays slowly moving aerial photography controlled by the distribution of weight on its surface. It was designed to investigate our ideas about...

Towards a Playful User Interface for Home Entertainment Systems (2004)

Block, Florian, Schmidt, Albrecht, Villar, Nicolas, Gellersen, Hans

In this paper we propose a tangible cube as an input device for playfully changing between different TV-channels. First we consider several design approaches and compare them. Based on a cube that...

Embryonic survivorship of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) in roadside and woodland vernal pools in southeastern New Hampshire (2004)

Enrico Rukzio, Albrecht Schmidt, Heinrich Hußmann

In this paper we describe our approach to intelligent automatic form filling in the context of mobile services based on user data. In a small study we show that manual form filling is slow and...

The Drift Table: Designing for Ludic Engagement (2004)

William W. Gaver, John Bowers, Andrew Boucher, Hans Gellerson, Sarah Pennington, Albrecht Schmidt, ...

The Drift Table is an electronic coffee table that displays slowly moving aerial photography controlled by the distribution of weight on its surface. It was designed to investigate our ideas about...

Towards a Playful User Interface for Home Entertainment Systems (2004)

Florian Block, Albrecht Schmidt, Nicolas Villar, Hans W. Gellersen

Abstract. In this paper we propose a tangible cube as an input device for playfully changing between different TV-channels. First we consider several design approaches and compare them. Based on a...

� Questionnaire � Architecture � Prototype � Architecture � Second iteration (2004)

Enrico Rukzio, Albrecht Schmidt

Why are mobile services so rarely used? � Technically it’s already possible to use mobile services (WAP, i-mode) � Why are they so rarely used (in Germany/Europe)? � Service Discovery –...

Towards Distributed Awareness - An Artifact Based Approach (2004)

Florian Michahelles, Stavros Antifakos, Albrecht Schmidt, Bernt Schiele

Perception is a central issue for many applications in ubiquitous computing. However, in current implementations, sensing and distributed perception is re-invented over and over again. Identifying...

P. Markopoulos et al. (Eds.): EUSAI 2004, LNCS 3295, pp. 207--217, 2004. (2004)

Florian Block, Albrecht Schmidt, Nicolas Villar, Hans W. Gellersen

In this paper we propose a tangible cube as an input device for playfully changing between different TV-channels. First we consider several design approaches and compare them. Based on a cube that...

An Analysis of the Usage of Mobile Phones for Personalized Interactions with Ubiquitous Public Displays. Workshop Ubiquitous Display Environments, UbiComp 2004 (2004)

Enrico Rukzio, Albrecht Schmidt, Heinrich Hussmann, Media Informatics

Abstract. Do personalized interactions with ubiquitous public displays make sense? In our analysis we investigate what forms of personalization and interaction styles are applicable in this context....

Pin & Play: The Surface as Network Medium (2003)

Van Laerhoven, Kristof, Villar, Nicolas, Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht, Hakansson, Maria, Holmquist, Lars Erik

Integrating appliances in the home through a wired network often proves to be impractical: routing cables is usually difficult, changing the network structure afterward even more so, and portable...

Interacting with Proactive Community Displays (2003)

Villar, Nicolas, Kortuem, Gerd, Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht

In this paper we describe the design and architecture of an adaptive proactive environment in which information, which reflects the communal interests of current inhabitants, is proactively displayed...

Using an Autonomous Cube for Basic Navigation and Input (2003)

Van Laerhoven, Kristof, Villar, Nicolas, Kortuem, Gerd, Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht

This paper presents a low-cost and practical approach to achieve basic input using a tactile cube-shaped object, augmented with a set of sensors, processor, batteries and wireless communication. The...

Pin and Play: The Surface as Network Medium (2003)

Kristof Van Laerhoven, Nicolas Villar, Albrecht Schmidt, Hans-werner Gellersen, Maria Hakansson, ...

Integrating appliances in the home through a wired network often proves to be impractical: routing cables is usually difficult, changing the network structure afterward even more so, and portable...

Instructions Immersed into the Real World - How your Furniture can teach you (2003)

Florian Michahelles, Stavros Antifakos, Jani Boutellier, Albrecht Schmidt, Bernt Schiele

In this paper we show a simple way to immerse instructions into the real-world. In particular, we propose to enhance static affordances of objects by using LED's attached to the objects. Using...

Spatio-Temporal Data Exchange Standards (2003)

Albrecht Schmidt, Christian S. Jensen

We believe that research that concerns aspects of spatio-temporal data management may benefit from taking into account the various standards for spatio-temporal data formats. For example, this may...

Multi-Sensor Activity Context Detection for Wearable Computing (2003)

Nicky Kern, Bernt Schiele, Albrecht Schmidt

For wearable computing applications, human activity is a central part of the user's context. In order to avoid user annoyance it should be acquired automatically using body-worn sensors. We...

Using an Autonomous Cube for Basic Navigation and Input (2003)

Kristof Van Laerhoven, Nicolas Villar, Albrecht Schmidt, Gerd Kortuem, Hans Gellersen

This paper presents a low-cost and practical approach to achieve basic input using a tactile cube-shaped object, augmented with a set of sensors, processor, batteries and wireless communication. The...

Interacting with Proactive Community Displays (2003)

Nicolas Villar, Albrecht Schmidt, Gerd Kortuem, Hans-werner Gellersen

In this paper we describe the design and architecture of an adaptive proactive environment in which information, which reflects the communal interests of current inhabitants, is proactively displayed...

Applying Wearable Sensors to Avalanche Rescue (2003)

Florian Michahelles, Peter Matter, Albrecht Schmidt, Bernt Schiele

avalanche rescue, mobile application, wearable computing We present a novel approach to enhance avalanche companion rescue using wearable sensing technologies. The time to find and extricate victims...

Multi-Sensor Context-Awareness in Mobile Devices and Smart Artifacts. (2002)

Gellersen, Hans W., Schmidt , Albrecht;, Beigl, Michael

The use of context in mobile devices is receiving increasing attention in mobile and ubiquitous computing research. In this article we consider how to augment mobile devices with awareness of their...

Multi-Sensor Context-Awareness in Mobile Devices and Smart Artefacts (2002)

Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht, Beigl, Michael

The use of context in mobile devices is receiving increasing attention in mobile and ubiquitous computing research. In this article we consider how to augment mobile devices with awareness of their...

Multi-Sensor Context-Aware Clothing (2002)

Van Laerhoven, Kristof, Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht

Inspired by perception in biological systems,distribution of a massive amount of simple sensingdevices is gaining more support in detectionapplications. A focus on fusion of sensor signals insteadof...

Context Acquisition Based on Load Sensing (2002)

Schmidt, Albrecht, Strohbach, Martin, Van Laerhoven, Kristof, Friday, Adrian, Gellersen, Hans

Load sensing is a mature and robust technology widely applied in process control. In this paper we consider the use of load sensing in everyday environments as an approach to acquisition of...

Pin & Play: Networking Objects through Pins (2002)

Van Laerhoven, Kristof, Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht

We introduce a new concept of networking objects in everyday environments. The basic idea is to build on the familiar use of surfaces such as walls and boards for attachment of mundane objects such...

Ubiquitous Interaction - Using Surfaces in Everyday Environments as Pointing Devices (2002)

Strohbach, Martin, Van Laerhoven, Kristof, Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht

Abstract. To augment everyday environments as interface to computing may lead to more accessible and inclusive user interfaces, exploiting affordances existing in the physical world for interaction...

Look Who's Visiting: Supporting Awareness for Visitors in the Web (2002)

Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht

Individuals, groups and organizations host places in the World Wide Web to attract visitors, but once they have established a web presence they usually maintain little or no awareness of visiting...

Ubiquitous interaction - Using surfaces in everyday environments as pointing devices (2002)

Albrecht Schmidt, Martin Strohbach, Kristof Van Laerhoven

Abstract. To augment everyday environments as interface to computing may lead to more accessible and inclusive user interfaces, exploiting affordances existing in the physical world for interaction...

Pin&Play: Networking Objects through Pins (2002)

Kristof Van Laerhoven, Albrecht Schmidt, Hans-werner Gellersen

Abstract. We introduce a new concept of networking objects in everyday environments. The basic idea is to build on the familiar use of surfaces such as walls and boards for attachment of mundane...

Multi-sensor context-awareness in mobile devices and smart artifacts (2002)

Hans-w. Gellersen, Albrecht Schmidt, Michael Beigl

The use of context in mobile devices is receiving increasing attention in mobile and ubiquitous computing research. In this article we consider how to augment mobile devices with awareness of their...

Context acquisition based on load sensing (2002)

Albrecht Schmidt, Martin Strohbach, Kristof Van Laerhoven, Adrian Friday, Hans-w. Gellersen

Abstract. Load sensing is a mature and robust technology widely applied in process control. In this paper we consider the use of load sensing in everyday environments as an approach to acquisition of...

Multi-sensor context aware clothing (2002)

Kristof Van Laerhoven, Albrecht Schmidt, Hans-werner Gellersen

Inspired by perception in biological systems, distribution of a massive amount of simple sensing devices is gaining more support in detection applications. A focus on fusion of sensor signals instead...

XMark: A benchmark for XML data management (2002)

Albrecht Schmidt, Florian Waas, Martin Kersten, Michael J. Carey, Ioana Manolescu, Ralph Busse

While standardization efforts for XML query languages have been progressing, researchers and users increasingly focus on the database technology that has to deliver on the new challenges that the...

Multi-Sensor Context Aware Clothing (2002)

Kristof Van Laerhoven, Albrecht Schmidt, Hans-werner Gellersen

Inspired by perception in biological systems, distribution of a massive amount of simple sensing devices is gaining more support in detection applications. A focus on fusion of sensor signals instead...

Ubiquitous Interaction - Using Surfaces in Everyday Environments as Pointing Devices (2002)

Albrecht Schmidt, Martin Strohbach, Kristof Van Laerhoven, Hans-W. Gellersen

To augment everyday environments as interface to computing may lead to more accessible and inclusive user interfaces, exploiting affordances existing in the physical world for interaction with...

Ubiquitous Interaction - Using Surfaces in Everyday Environments as Pointing Devices (2002)

Albrecht Schmidt, Martin Strohbach, Kristof Van Laerhoven, Hans-W. Gellersen

To augment everyday environments as interface to computing may lead to more accessible and inclusive user interfaces, exploiting affordances existing in the physical world for interaction with...

Context-phonebook extending mobile phone applications with context (2001)

Schmidt, Albrecht, Gellersen, Hans, Stuhr, Tanjev

Today people use mobile phones to make calls and to receive calls anytime and anywhere. This gives the user a lot of freedom but also introduces that the phone can interrupt the user always and...

How to Build Smart Appliances (2001)

Van Laerhoven, Kristof, Schmidt, Albrecht

In this article smart appliances are characterized as devices that are attentive to their environment. We introduce a terminology for situation, sensor data, context, and context-aware applications...

Visitor Awareness in the Web (2001)

Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht

The World-Wide Web constitutes an activity space in which people set up and host places that are visited by others. To render web places such as homes, sites, and portals attractive for visitors has...

Situated Interaction and Context-Aware Computing (2001)

Dey, Anind K., Kortuem, Gerd, Morse, David R., Schmidt, Albrecht

Introduction to a special issue of the journal Personal and Ubiquitous Computing that provides a comprehensive overview of current ubiquitous computing research in the fields of situated interaction...

Mediacups: Experience with Design and Use of Computer-Augmented Everyday Artefacts (2001)

Gellersen, Hans, Beigl, Michael, Schmidt, Albrecht

Our view of ubiquitous computing is artefact-centred: in this view, computers are considered as secondary artefacts that enable items of everyday use as networked digital artefacts. This view is...

Nutzung von Kontext in ubiquitaeren Informationssystemen (2001)

Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht

In diesem Beitrag wird Kontextnutzung als eine wesentliche Entwicklung im Bereich ubiquitaerer Informationssysteme eingeführt. Es wird ein Modell und eine Klassifikation für interaktive...

The XML Benchmark Project (2001)

A. R. Schmidt, F. Waas, M. L. Kersten, D. Florescu, I. Manolescu, M. J. Carey, ...

and their applications. SMC is sponsored by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). CWI is a member of

H.E.: Flexible and Scalable Digital Library Search (2001)

M. A. Windhouwer, A. R. Schmidt, R. Van Zwol, M. Petkovic, H. E. Blok, Menzo Windhouwer, ...

CWI is a founding member of ERCIM, the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics. CWI's research has a theme-oriented structure and is grouped into four clusters. Listed below...

Context-phonebook – extending mobile phone applications with context (2001)

Albrecht Schmidt, Tanjev Stuhr, Hans Gellersen

Abstract. Today people use mobile phones to make calls and to receive calls anytime and anywhere. This gives the user a lot of freedom but also introduces that the phone can interrupt the user always...

How to build smart appliances (2001)

Albrecht Schmidt, Uni Karlsruhe, Kristof Van Laerhoven

In this article smart appliances are characterized as devices that are attentive to their environment. We introduce a terminology for situation, sensor data, context, and context-aware applications...

Integration of Goods Delivery Supervision into E-commerce Supply Chain (2001)

Anke Thede, Albrecht Schmidt, Christian Merz

Abstract. One of the benefits of electronic commerce is the gain of speed and easiness through electronic delivery of commerce data. Only the data specifying the delivery of the physical goods is not...

ABSTRACT Flexible and Scalable Digital Library Search (2001)

M. A. Windhouwer, A. R. Schmidt, R. Van Zwol, M. Petkovic, H. E. Blok, Menzo Windhouwer, ...

CWI is a founding member of ERCIM, the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics. CWI's research has a theme-oriented structure and is grouped into four clusters. Listed below...

Int. J. Human-Computer Studies (2002) 56, 000--000 (2001)

Doi Ijhc Available, Hans-w. Gellersen, Albrecht Schmidt

this paper, we contribute a preliminary study conducted with expert web hosts in di#erent domains, investigating the use of information on visiting activity as feedback for web operation

Adding Some Smartness to Devices and Everyday Things (2000)

Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht, Beigl, Michael

In mobile computing, context-awareness indicates the ability of a system to obtain and use information on aspects of the system environment. To implement context-awareness, mobile system components...

Look Who's Visiting Supporting Visitor Awareness in the Web (2000)

Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht

Individuals, groups and organizations host places in the World Wide Web to attract visitors, but once they have established a web presence they usually maintain little or no awareness of visiting...

Developing User Interfaces for Wearable Computers: Don't Stop to Point and Click (2000)

Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht, Beigl, Michael, Thate, O.

Typical usage scenarios for wearable computers are support of users doing a certain task, e.g. aircraft repair or military applications. If the user is moving while using the wearable some...

Enabling Implicit Human Computer Interaction: A Wearable RFID-Tag Reader (2000)

Gellersen, Hans, Schmidt, Albrecht, Merz, Christian

Implicit human computer interaction is based on the concept of using user activity in the real world as input to computers. Implicit HCI can help to reduce the problem of user input to wearable...

Sensor-Based Context-Awareness for Situated Computing (2000)

Gellersen, Hans, Beigl, Michael, Schmidt, Albrecht

It can be argued that pervasive access to information and services becomes more valuable when they are related and adapted to the real world situations of their use. We discuss sensor-based...

Developing user interfaces for wearable computers: Don’t stop to point and click (2000)

Albrecht Schmidt, Hans-w. Gellersen, Michael Beigl, Ortwin Thatet

Typical usage scenarios for wearable computers are support of users doing a certain task, e.g. aircraft repair or military applications. If the user is moving while using the wearable some...

Adding Some Smartness to Devices and Everyday Things (2000)

Hans-w. Gellersen, Albrecht Schmidt, Michael Beigl

In mobile computing, context-awareness indicates the ability of a system to obtain and use information on aspects of the system environment. To implement contextawareness, mobile system components...

Context-aware telephony over wap (2000)

Albrecht Schmidt, Antti Takaluoma, Jani Mäntyjärvi

Abstract. In this paper we introduce a novel approach to share context to enhance the social quality of remote mobile communication. We provide an analysis of how people start a conversation in...

Enabling implicit human computer interaction: A wearable RFID-tag reader (2000)

Albrecht Schmidt

Implicit human computer interaction is based on the concept of using user activity in the real world as input to computers. Implicit HCI can help to reduce the problem of user input to wearable...

Look Who's Visiting? Supporting Visitor Awareness in the Web (2000)

Hans-w. Gellersen, Albrecht Schmidt

Abstract. People create places in the World-Wide Web to attract visitors, but once they have established a web presence they usually maintain little or no awareness of visiting activity. This is not...

Developing user interfaces for wearable computers: Don’t stop to point and click (2000)

Albrecht Schmidt, Hans-w. Gellersen, Michael Beigl, Ortwin Thate

Typical usage scenarios for wearable computers are support of users doing a certain task, e.g. aircraft repair or military applications. If the user is moving while using the wearable some...

Efficient Relational Storage and Retrieval of XML Documents (2000)

Albrecht Schmidt, Martin Kersten, Menzo Windhouwer, Florian Waas

In this paper, we present a data and an execution model that allow for efficient storage and retrieval of XML documents in a relational database. The data model is strictly based on the notion of...

Implicit Human Computer Interaction Through Context (2000)

Albrecht Schmidt

In this paper the term implicit human computer interaction is defined. It is discussed how the availability of processing power and advanced sensing technology can enable a shift in HCI from explicit...

WAP - Designing for Small User Interfaces (2000)

Albrecht Schmidt, Henning Schröder, Oliver Frick

this paper we suggest a structured approach for building WAP application and in particular the development of the user interface. First we give a brief summary on the discriminating feature of a...

Situated Interaction in Ubiquitous Computing (2000)

Albrecht Schmidt, Gerd Kortuem

INTRODUCTION The situations in which human-computer interaction takes place are increasingly varied, as computers become highly portable and embedded in everyday environments. Research reported from...

An Architecture for Multi-Sensor Fusion in Mobile Environments (1999)

Datong Chen, Albrecht Schmidt, Hans-werner Gellersen

Abstract- This paper introduces a layered architecture for multi-sensor fusion, applied for environment awareness of personal mobile devices. The working environment of personal mobile devices...

Object-oriented Web Engineering for Large-scale Web Service Management (1999)

Martin Gaedke, Hans-w. Gellersen, Albrecht Schmidt

The web implementation model is based on a low level technology and does not provide abstractions for capturing higher level design-concepts, therefor design decisions are difficult to track in an...

Indexing Real-world Data Using Semistructured Documents (1999)

A. R. Schmidt, M. A. Windhouwer, M. L. Kersten, Albrecht Schmidt, Menzo Windhouwer, Martin Kersten

and their applications. SMC is sponsored by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). CWI is a member of

What GPS Doesn’t Tell You: Determining One’s Context with Low-level Sensors”, The (1999)

Albrecht Schmidt, Jessica Forbess

As mobile devices become more frequently used by an ever-increasing user base, more efficient methods of use are desired. We are designing a system to use information about the user's context,...

Object-oriented Web Engineering for Large-scale Web Service Management (1999)

Martin Gaedke, Hans-w. Gellersen, Albrecht Schmidt

The web implementation model is based on a low level technology and does not provide abstractions for capturing higher level design-concepts, therefor design decisions are difficult to track in an...

Acoi: A System for Indexing Multimedia Objects (1999)

Menzo Windhouwer, Albrecht Schmidt, Martin Kersten

In this paper, we present a system that combines independent feature detector programs with multimedia database technology to provide a semantic rich index to multimedia data items on the World Wide...

Feature Grammars (1999)

Albrecht Schmidt, Menzo Windhouwer, Martin Kersten

We propose a grammatical view of the problem of integrating different data items under a database perspective. We introduce a variant of context-free grammars, called feature grammars , whose parsers...

Advanced Interaction in Context (1999)

Albrecht Schmidt, Kofi Asante Adoo, Antti Takaluoma, Urop Tuomela, Kristof Van Laerhoven

. Mobile information appliances are increasingly used in numerous different situations and locations, setting new requirements to their interaction methods. When the user's situation, place or...

Indexing Real-World Data using Semi-Structured Documents (1999)

Albrecht Schmidt, Menzo Windhouwer, Martin Kersten

We address the problem of deriving meaningful semantic index information for a multimedia database using a semi-structured document model. We show how our framework, called feature grammars, can be...

Matching Information and Ambient Media (1999)

Albrecht Schmidt, Hans-w. Gellersen, Michael Beigl

. Ambient media have recently been introduced as a means to present information in our surrounding space in subtle and unmonopolizing ways, promoting peripheral awareness. This paper explores the...

Indexing Real-world Data Using Semistructured Documents (1999)

Albrecht Schmidt, Albrecht Schmidt, Menzo Windhouwer, Menzo Windhouwer, Martin Kersten, Martin Kersten

and their applications. SMC is sponsored by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). CWI is a member of

An Agent-based Telecooperation Framework (1998)

Albrecht Schmidt, Er Specker, Gerhard Partsch, Michael Weber, Siegfried Höck

Abstract. As the amount of information and communication increases dramatically new working environments must provide efficient mechanisms to maximize the benefits of these developments. In this...

There is more to Context than Location (1998)

Albrecht Schmidt, Michael Beigl, Hans-w. Gellersen

Context is a key issue in interaction between human and computer, describing the surrounding facts that add meaning. In mobile computing research published the parameter location is most often used...

There is more to Context than Location (1998)

Environment Sensing Technologies, Albrecht Schmidt, Michael Beigl, Hans-w. Gellersen

In this paper we analyze the usage of sensors to improve application of ultra-portable mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), wearable computers, or mobile phones. Ultra-portable...

Handheld CSCW (1998)

Albrecht Schmidt, Markus Lauff, Michael Beigl

. In this paper we explore and demonstrate possible contribution of handheld computing in the field of computer supported cooperative work (CSCW). Based on a survey of the CSCWconference series we...

An Agent-based Telecooperation Framework (1998)

Albrecht Schmidt, Alexander Specker, Er Specker, Gerhard Partsch, Siegfried Höck, Michael Weber

. As the amount of information and communication increases dramatically new working environments must provide efficient mechanisms to maximize the benefits of these developments. In this paper a...

There is more to Context than Location: Environment Sensing Technologies for Adaptive Mobile User Interfaces (1998)

Albrecht Schmidt, Michael Beigl, Hans-w. Gellersen

In this paper we analyze the usage of sensors to improve application of ultra-portable mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), wearable computers, or mobile phones. Ultra-portable...

The UbicompBrowser (1998)

Michael Beigl, Albrecht Schmidt, Markus Lauff, Hans-werner Gellersen

Abstract. In this paper we introduce the UbicompBrowser, a system that applies ubiquitous computing to the World-Wide Web. The UbicompBrowser extends the World-Wide Web in two ways into our everyday...

The UbicompBrowser (1998)

Michael Beigl, Albrecht Schmidt, Markus Lauff, Hans-werner Gellersen

Abstract. In this paper we introduce the UbicompBrowser, a system that applies ubiquitous computing to the World-Wide Web. The UbicompBrowser extends the World-Wide Web in two ways into our everyday...

A modular neural network architecture with additional generalisation abilities for large input vectors (1997)

Albrecht Schmidt

This paper proposes a two layer modular neural system. The basic building blocks of the architecture are multilayer Perceptrons trained with the Backpropagation algorithm. Due to the proposed modular...

Die Bedeutung des FTA-Abs-Tests für die Behandlungskontrolle der Syphilis / (1974)

Schmidt, Albrecht.

Thesis (doctoral)--Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, 1974.

Interferon-γ Induces Chronic Active Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy in Transgenic Mice

Reifenberg, Kurt, Lehr, Hans-Anton, Torzewski, Michael, Steige, Gisela, Wiese, Elena, Küpper, Ines, ...

Chronic heart failure is associated with an activation of the immune system characterized among other factors by the cardiac synthesis and serum expression of proinflammatory cytokines. There is...

Sensor-based Context-Awareness for Situated Computing

Hans-w. Gellersen, Michael Beigl, Albrecht Schmidt

It can be argued that pervasive access to information and services becomes more valuable when they are related and adapted to the real world situations of their use. We discuss sensor-based...