Additional File 1: Single Edge Simulations for Evaluating the NEO software (2009)
Jason E. Aten, Tova F. Fuller, Aldons J. Lusis, Steve Horvath
In this Additional File, we describe a simple simulation model for studying the effect of genetic markers and a hidden confounding variable C on two observed traits A and B. The model uses the...
Copy number variation influences gene expression and metabolic traits in mice (2009)
Orozco, Luz D., Cokus, Shawn J., Ghazalpour, Anatole, Ingram-Drake, Leslie, Wang, Susanna, Van Nas, Atila, ...
Copy number variants (CNVs) are genomic segments which are duplicated or deleted among different individuals. CNVs have been implicated in both Mendelian and complex traits, including immune and...
Mapping the Genetic Architecture of Gene Expression in Human Liver (2008)
Eric E. Schadt, Cliona Molony, Eugene Chudin, Ke Hao, Xia Yang, Pek Y. Lum, ...
Genetic variants that are associated with common human diseases do not lead directly to disease, but instead act on intermediate, molecular phenotypes that in turn induce changes in higher-order...
Using genetic markers to orient the edges in quantitative trait networks: The NEO software (2008)
Aten, Jason E, Fuller, Tova F, Lusis, Aldons J, Horvath, Steve
Abstract Background Systems genetic studies have been used to identify genetic loci that affect transcript abundances and clinical traits such as body weight. The pairwise correlations between gene...
Anatole Ghazalpour, Sudheer Doss, Xia Yang, Jason Aten, Edward M. Toomey, Atila Van Nas, ...
thematic review
Supplemental Material can be found at: (2008)
Anatole Ghazalpour, Sudheer Doss, Xia Yang, Jason Aten, Edward M. Toomey, Atila Van, ...
Key words: systems biology; transgenic mice; quantitative trait locus mapping; principal components; Bayesian networks; correlation coefficients; genetics; genomics; proteomics Correspondence:
Jason E Aten, Tova F Fuller, Aldons J Lusis, Steve Horvath, Steve Horvath
© 2008 Aten et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
Gong, Ke, Zhao, Wei, Li, Ning, Barajas, Berenice, Kleinman, Michael, Sioutas, Constantinos, ...
Abstract Background Ambient air pollution is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We have found that exposure to ambient ultrafine particulate matter, highly enriched in...
Dosage compensation is less effective in birds than in mammals (2007)
Itoh, Yuichiro, Melamed, Esther, Yang, Xia, Kampf, Kathy, Wang, Susanna, Yehya, Nadir, ...
Abstract Background In animals with heteromorphic sex chromosomes, dosage compensation of sex-chromosome genes is thought to be critical for species survival. Diverse molecular mechanisms have...
Gargalovic, Peter S, Imura, Minori, Zhang, Bin, Gharavi, Nima M, Clark, Michael J, Pagnon, Joanne, ...
Oxidized phospholipids are thought to promote atherogenesis by stimulating endothelial cells (ECs) to produce inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8. In studies with mouse models, we previously...
Integrating Genetic and Network Analysis to Characterize Genes Related to Mouse Weight (2006)
Anatole Ghazalpour, Sudheer Doss, Bin Zhang, Susanna Wang, Christopher Plaisier, Ruth Castellanos, ...
Systems biology approaches that are based on the genetics of gene expression have been fruitful in identifying genetic regulatory loci related to complex traits. We use microarray and genetic marker...
Integrating Genetic and Network Analysis to Characterize Genes Related to Mouse Weight (2006)
Anatole Ghazalpour, Sudheer Doss, Bin Zhang, Susanna Wang, Christopher Plaisier, Ruth Castellanos, ...
Gene mapping approaches that are based on the genetics of gene expression have been fruitful in identifying genetic regulatory loci related to complex traits. Recently, several groups have proposed...
Susanna Wang, Nadir Yehya, Eric E. Schadt, Hui Wang, Thomas A. Drake, Aldons J. Lusis
The integration of expression profiling with linkage analysis has increasingly been used to identify genes underlying complex phenotypes. The effects of gender on the regulation of many physiological...
POLYGENETIC DETERMINANTS OF CRANIOFACIAL ABNORMALITIES (2006)
Thomas A. Drake, Eric Schadt, Kambiz Hannani, J. Michael, Kelly Krass, Veronica Colinayo, ...
You might find this additional information useful... This article cites 48 articles, 15 of which you can access free at:
Tissue-specific expression and regulation of sexually dimorphic genes in mice (2006)
Yang, Xia, Schadt, Eric E., Wang, Susanna, Wang, Hui, Arnold, Arthur P., Ingram-Drake, Leslie, ...
We report a comprehensive analysis of gene expression differences between sexes in multiple somatic tissues of 334 mice derived from an intercross between inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ....
Tissue-specific expression and regulation of sexually dimorphic genes in mice (2006)
Yang, Xia, Schadt, Eric E., Wang, Susanna, Wang, Hui, Arnold, Arthur P., Ingram-Drake, Leslie, ...
We report a comprehensive analysis of gene expression differences between sexes in multiple somatic tissues of 334 mice derived from an intercross between inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ....
Su, Zhiguang, Li, Yuhua, James, Jessica C., Matsumoto, Alan H., Helm, Gregory A., Lusis, Aldons J., ...
Dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia are integral components of the metabolic perturbations in type 2 diabetes. Apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice develop severe hyperlipidemia and significant...
Su, Zhiguang, Li, Yuhua, James, Jessica C., Matsumoto, Alan H., Helm, Gregory A., Lusis, Aldons J., ...
Dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia are integral components of the metabolic perturbations in type 2 diabetes. Apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE−/−) mice develop severe hyperlipidemia and significant...
Genomic analysis of metabolic pathway gene expression in mice (2005)
Ghazalpour, Anatole, Doss, Sudheer, Sheth, Sonal S, Ingram-Drake, Leslie A, Schadt, Eric E, Lusis, Aldons J, ...
Abstract Background A segregating population of (C57BL/6J × DBA/2J)F2 intercross mice was studied for obesity-related traits and for global gene expression in liver. Quantitative trait locus...
Cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci in mice (2005)
Doss, S, Schadt, E E, Drake, T A, Lusis, Aldons J
We previously reported the analysis of genome-wide expression profiles and various diabetes-related traits in a segregating cross between inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (DBA). By...
Cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci in mice (2005)
Doss, Sudheer, Schadt, Eric E., Drake, Thomas A., Lusis, Aldons J.
We previously reported the analysis of genome-wide expression profiles and various diabetes-related traits in a segregating cross between inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (DBA). By...
Cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci in mice (2005)
Doss, Sudheer, Schadt, Eric E., Drake, Thomas A., Lusis, Aldons J.
We previously reported the analysis of genome-wide expression profiles and various diabetes-related traits in a segregating cross between inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (DBA). By...
The allelic structure of common disease (2002)
Smith, Desmond J., Lusis, Aldons J.
A better understanding of the allelic structure of common human disease loci may help identification of the responsible genes, and is thus a topic of considerable practical importance. If few alleles...
Nucleotide sequence of rat adipose hormone sensitive lipase cDNA (1988)
Holm, Cecilia, Kirchgessner, Todd G., Svenson, Karen L., Lusis, Aldons J., Belfrage, Per, Schotz, Michael C.
Human apolipoprotein B: identification of cDNA clones and characterization of mRNA (1985)
Mehrabian, Margarete, Schumaker, Verne N., Fareed, George C., West, Ruth, Johnson, David F., Kirchgessner, Todd, ...
Apolipoprotein B (apoB) is a major protein component of low density and very low density lipoproteins. Because of its large size and heterogeneity, molecular studies of apoB have been difficult, and...
Cases, Sylvaine, Smith, Steven J., Zheng, Yao-Wu, Myers, Heather M., Lear, Steven R., Sande, Eric, ...
Triacylglycerols are quantitatively the most important storage form of energy for eukaryotic cells. Acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the terminal and only...
Testosterone inhibits early atherogenesis by conversion to estradiol: Critical role of aromatase
Nathan, Lauren, Shi, Weibin, Dinh, Hillary, Mukherjee, Tapan K., Wang, Xuping, Lusis, Aldons J., ...
The effects of testosterone on early atherogenesis and the role of aromatase, an enzyme that converts testosterone to estrogens, were assessed in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient male mice...
Gaut, Joseph P., Yeh, George C., Tran, Hung Duy, Byun, Jaeman, Henderson, Jeffrey P., Richter, Grace M., ...
The myeloperoxidase system of neutrophils uses hydrogen peroxide and chloride to generate hypochlorous acid, a potent bactericidal oxidant in vitro. In a mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis, we...
Synthetic LXR ligand inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in mice
Joseph, Sean B., McKilligin, Elaine, Pei, Liming, Watson, Michael A., Collins, Alan R., Laffitte, Bryan A., ...
The nuclear receptors LXRα and LXRβ have been implicated in the control of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in multiple cell types. Activation of these receptors stimulates cholesterol efflux...
Identification of macrophage liver X receptors as inhibitors of atherosclerosis
Tangirala, Rajendra K., Bischoff, Eric D., Joseph, Sean B., Wagner, Brandee L., Walczak, Robert, Laffitte, Bryan A., ...
Recent studies have identified the liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) as important regulators of cholesterol metabolism and transport. LXRs control transcription of genes critical to a range of...
Increased atherosclerosis in myeloperoxidase-deficient mice
Brennan, Marie-Luise, Anderson, Melissa M., Shih, Diana M., Qu, Xiao-Dan, Wang, Xuping, Mehta, Asha C., ...
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme enzyme secreted by activated phagocytes, generates an array of oxidants proposed to play critical roles in host defense and local tissue damage. Both MPO and its...
Baldus, Stephan, Eiserich, Jason P., Mani, Alireza, Castro, Laura, Figueroa, Mario, Chumley, Phillip, ...
Nitrotyrosine formation is a hallmark of vascular inflammation, with polymorphonuclear neutrophil–derived (PMN-derived) and monocyte-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO) being shown to catalyze this...
Rothfork, Jacob M., Timmins, Graham S., Harris, Michael N., Chen, Xian, Lusis, Aldons J., Otto, Michael, ...
Quorum sensing triggers virulence factor expression in medically important bacterial pathogens in response to a density-dependent increase in one or more autoinducing pheromones. Here, we show that...
Cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci in mice
Doss, Sudheer, Schadt, Eric E., Drake, Thomas A., Lusis, Aldons J.
We previously reported the analysis of genome-wide expression profiles and various diabetes-related traits in a segregating cross between inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (DBA). By...
Genomic analysis of metabolic pathway gene expression in mice
Ghazalpour, Anatole, Doss, Sudheer, Sheth, Sonal S, Ingram-Drake, Leslie A, Schadt, Eric E, Lusis, Aldons J, ...
In order to evaluate metabolic pathways associated with obesity, global gene-expression data were integrated with phenotypic and genetic segregation analyses, identifying 13 metabolic pathways the...
Wang, Susanna, Yehya, Nadir, Schadt, Eric E, Wang, Hui, Drake, Thomas A, Lusis, Aldons J
The integration of expression profiling with linkage analysis has increasingly been used to identify genes underlying complex phenotypes. The effects of gender on the regulation of many physiological...
Nguyen, Hal X, Lusis, Aldons J, Tidball, James G
Membrane lysis is a common and early defect in muscles experiencing acute injuries or inflammation. Although increased mechanical loading of muscles can induce inflammation and membrane lysis,...
Linkage of Genetic Determinants for Mouse β-Galactosidase Electrophoresis and Activity
Breen, Gail A. M., Lusis, Aldons J., Paigen, Kenneth
An electrophoretic polymorphism for β-galactosidase has been identified among common inbred strains of mice. It is inherited as a single Mendelian factor with two alleles showing codominant...
X-Linked and Autosomal Genes Controlling Mouse α-Galactosidase Expression
Lusis, Aldons J., West, John D.
Analysis of F2 and backcross animals has confirmed the X-chromosome linkage of Ags, the structural locus for mouse α-galactosidase. The position of Ags has been located in the X chromosome, 9...
Su, Zhiguang, Li, Yuhua, James, Jessica C., McDuffie, Marcia, Matsumoto, Alan H., Helm, Gregory A., ...
Inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) differ significantly in atherosclerosis susceptibility and plasma lipid levels on the apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE−/−) background when fed...
Complex Inheritance of the 5-Lipoxygenase Locus Influencing Atherosclerosis in Mice
Ghazalpour, Anatole, Wang, Xuping, Lusis, Aldons J., Mehrabian, Margarete
We previously mapped a locus on chromosome 6 with a large effect (LOD > 6) on aortic lesion size in a (C57BL/6J × CAST/Ei) F2 cross and identified arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) as a candidate...
Integrating Genetic and Network Analysis to Characterize Genes Related to Mouse Weight
Ghazalpour, Anatole, Doss, Sudheer, Zhang, Bin, Wang, Susanna, Plaisier, Christopher, Castellanos, Ruth, ...
Systems biology approaches that are based on the genetics of gene expression have been fruitful in identifying genetic regulatory loci related to complex traits. We use microarray and genetic marker...
Cases, Sylvaine, Smith, Steven J., Zheng, Yao-Wu, Myers, Heather M., Lear, Steven R., Sande, Eric, ...
Triacylglycerols are quantitatively the most important storage form of energy for eukaryotic cells. Acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the terminal and only...
Testosterone inhibits early atherogenesis by conversion to estradiol: Critical role of aromatase
Nathan, Lauren, Shi, Weibin, Dinh, Hillary, Mukherjee, Tapan K., Wang, Xuping, Lusis, Aldons J., ...
The effects of testosterone on early atherogenesis and the role of aromatase, an enzyme that converts testosterone to estrogens, were assessed in low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient male mice...
Gaut, Joseph P., Yeh, George C., Tran, Hung Duy, Byun, Jaeman, Henderson, Jeffrey P., Richter, Grace M., ...
The myeloperoxidase system of neutrophils uses hydrogen peroxide and chloride to generate hypochlorous acid, a potent bactericidal oxidant in vitro. In a mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis, we...
Synthetic LXR ligand inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in mice
Joseph, Sean B., McKilligin, Elaine, Pei, Liming, Watson, Michael A., Collins, Alan R., Laffitte, Bryan A., ...
The nuclear receptors LXRα and LXRβ have been implicated in the control of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in multiple cell types. Activation of these receptors stimulates cholesterol efflux...
Identification of macrophage liver X receptors as inhibitors of atherosclerosis
Tangirala, Rajendra K., Bischoff, Eric D., Joseph, Sean B., Wagner, Brandee L., Walczak, Robert, Laffitte, Bryan A., ...
Recent studies have identified the liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) as important regulators of cholesterol metabolism and transport. LXRs control transcription of genes critical to a range of...
Increased atherosclerosis in myeloperoxidase-deficient mice
Brennan, Marie-Luise, Anderson, Melissa M., Shih, Diana M., Qu, Xiao-Dan, Wang, Xuping, Mehta, Asha C., ...
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme enzyme secreted by activated phagocytes, generates an array of oxidants proposed to play critical roles in host defense and local tissue damage. Both MPO and its...
Baldus, Stephan, Eiserich, Jason P., Mani, Alireza, Castro, Laura, Figueroa, Mario, Chumley, Phillip, ...
Nitrotyrosine formation is a hallmark of vascular inflammation, with polymorphonuclear neutrophil–derived (PMN-derived) and monocyte-derived myeloperoxidase (MPO) being shown to catalyze this...
Rothfork, Jacob M., Timmins, Graham S., Harris, Michael N., Chen, Xian, Lusis, Aldons J., Otto, Michael, ...
Quorum sensing triggers virulence factor expression in medically important bacterial pathogens in response to a density-dependent increase in one or more autoinducing pheromones. Here, we show that...
Cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci in mice
Doss, Sudheer, Schadt, Eric E., Drake, Thomas A., Lusis, Aldons J.
We previously reported the analysis of genome-wide expression profiles and various diabetes-related traits in a segregating cross between inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (DBA). By...
Genomic analysis of metabolic pathway gene expression in mice
Ghazalpour, Anatole, Doss, Sudheer, Sheth, Sonal S, Ingram-Drake, Leslie A, Schadt, Eric E, Lusis, Aldons J, ...
In order to evaluate metabolic pathways associated with obesity, global gene-expression data were integrated with phenotypic and genetic segregation analyses, identifying 13 metabolic pathways the...
Pajukanta, Päivi, Allayee, Hooman, Krass, Kelly L., Kuraishy, Ali, Soro, Aino, Lilja, Heidi E., ...
Several genomewide screens have been performed to identify novel loci predisposing to unfavorable serum lipid levels and coronary heart disease (CHD). We hypothesized that the accumulating data of...
Linkage of Genetic Determinants for Mouse β-Galactosidase Electrophoresis and Activity
Breen, Gail A. M., Lusis, Aldons J., Paigen, Kenneth
An electrophoretic polymorphism for β-galactosidase has been identified among common inbred strains of mice. It is inherited as a single Mendelian factor with two alleles showing codominant...
X-Linked and Autosomal Genes Controlling Mouse α-Galactosidase Expression
Lusis, Aldons J., West, John D.
Analysis of F2 and backcross animals has confirmed the X-chromosome linkage of Ags, the structural locus for mouse α-galactosidase. The position of Ags has been located in the X chromosome, 9...
Wang, Susanna, Yehya, Nadir, Schadt, Eric E, Wang, Hui, Drake, Thomas A, Lusis, Aldons J
The integration of expression profiling with linkage analysis has increasingly been used to identify genes underlying complex phenotypes. The effects of gender on the regulation of many physiological...
Su, Zhiguang, Li, Yuhua, James, Jessica C., McDuffie, Marcia, Matsumoto, Alan H., Helm, Gregory A., ...
Inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H) differ significantly in atherosclerosis susceptibility and plasma lipid levels on the apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE−/−) background when fed...
Nguyen, Hal X, Lusis, Aldons J, Tidball, James G
Membrane lysis is a common and early defect in muscles experiencing acute injuries or inflammation. Although increased mechanical loading of muscles can induce inflammation and membrane lysis,...
Complex Inheritance of the 5-Lipoxygenase Locus Influencing Atherosclerosis in Mice
Ghazalpour, Anatole, Wang, Xuping, Lusis, Aldons J., Mehrabian, Margarete
We previously mapped a locus on chromosome 6 with a large effect (LOD > 6) on aortic lesion size in a (C57BL/6J × CAST/Ei) F2 cross and identified arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) as a candidate...
Integrating Genetic and Network Analysis to Characterize Genes Related to Mouse Weight
Ghazalpour, Anatole, Doss, Sudheer, Zhang, Bin, Wang, Susanna, Plaisier, Christopher, Castellanos, Ruth, ...
Systems biology approaches that are based on the genetics of gene expression have been fruitful in identifying genetic regulatory loci related to complex traits. We use microarray and genetic marker...
Tissue-specific expression and regulation of sexually dimorphic genes in mice
Yang, Xia, Schadt, Eric E., Wang, Susanna, Wang, Hui, Arnold, Arthur P., Ingram-Drake, Leslie, ...
We report a comprehensive analysis of gene expression differences between sexes in multiple somatic tissues of 334 mice derived from an intercross between inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ....
Gargalovic, Peter S., Imura, Minori, Zhang, Bin, Gharavi, Nima M., Clark, Michael J., Pagnon, Joanne, ...
Oxidized phospholipids are thought to promote atherogenesis by stimulating endothelial cells (ECs) to produce inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8. In studies with mouse models, we previously...
Bradley, Michelle N., Hong, Cynthia, Chen, Mingyi, Joseph, Sean B., Wilpitz, Damien C., Wang, Xuping, ...
Liver X receptors (LXRs) α and β are transcriptional regulators of cholesterol homeostasis and potential targets for the development of antiatherosclerosis drugs. However, the specific roles of...
Meng, Haijin, Vera, Iset, Che, Nam, Wang, Xuping, Wang, Susanna S., Ingram-Drake, Leslie, ...
The genetic factors contributing to the complex disorder of myocardial calcification are largely unknown. Using a mouse model, we fine-mapped the major locus (Dyscalc1) contributing to the dystrophic...
Weighted gene coexpression network analysis strategies applied to mouse weight
Fuller, Tova F., Ghazalpour, Anatole, Aten, Jason E., Drake, Thomas A., Lusis, Aldons J., Horvath, Steve
Systems-oriented genetic approaches that incorporate gene expression and genotype data are valuable in the quest for genetic regulatory loci underlying complex traits. Gene coexpression network...
Gong, Ke Wei, Zhao, Wei, Li, Ning, Barajas, Berenice, Kleinman, Michael, Sioutas, Constantinos, ...
Gene expression analysis of human microvascular endothelial cells exposed to diesel exhaust particles and oxidized phospholipids revealed several upregulated gene modules, including genes involved in...
Dosage compensation is less effective in birds than in mammals
Itoh, Yuichiro, Melamed, Esther, Yang, Xia, Kampf, Kathy, Wang, Susanna, Yehya, Nadir, ...
Using genetic markers to orient the edges in quantitative trait networks: The NEO software
Aten, Jason E, Fuller, Tova F, Lusis, Aldons J, Horvath, Steve
Mapping the Genetic Architecture of Gene Expression in Human Liver
Schadt, Eric E, Molony, Cliona, Chudin, Eugene, Hao, Ke, Yang, Xia, Lum, Pek Y, ...
Genetic variants that are associated with common human diseases do not lead directly to disease, but instead act on intermediate, molecular phenotypes that in turn induce changes in higher-order...
High-Resolution Mapping of Gene Expression Using Association in an Outbred Mouse Stock
Ghazalpour, Anatole, Doss, Sudheer, Kang, Hyun, Farber, Charles, Wen, Ping-Zi, Brozell, Alec, ...
Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis is a powerful tool for mapping genes for complex traits in mice, but its utility is limited by poor resolution. A promising mapping approach is association...
Apolipoprotein AII Is a Regulator of Very Low Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Insulin Resistance*
Castellani, Lawrence W., Nguyen, Cara N., Charugundla, Sarada, Weinstein, Michael M., Doan, Chau X., Blaner, William S., ...
Apolipoprotein AII (apoAII) transgenic (apoAIItg) mice exhibit several traits associated with the insulin resistance (IR) syndrome, including IR, obesity, and a marked hypertriglyceridemia. Because...
Drake, Thomas A., Schadt, Eric E., Lusis, Aldons J.
The millions of common DNA variations that occur in the human population, or among inbred strains of mice and rats, perturb the expression (transcript levels) of a large fraction of the genes...
Oskolkova, Olga V., Afonyushkin, Taras, Leitner, Alexander, Von Schlieffen, Elena, Gargalovic, Peter S., Lusis, Aldons J., ...
We have shown previously that oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs), known to accumulate in atherosclerotic vessels, stimulate angiogenesis via induction of autocrine mediators, such as vascular endothelial...
Chen, Junqin, Hui, Simon T., Couto, Francesca M., Mungrue, Imran N., Davis, Dawn B., Attie, Alan D., ...
Pancreatic beta-cell loss through apoptosis represents a key factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes; however, no effective approaches to block this process and preserve endogenous beta-cell mass are...