Gomeza, J., Ohno, K., Hulsmann, S., Armsen, W., Eulenburg, V., Richter, D. W., ...
The glycine transporter subtype 2 (GlyT2) is localized in the axon terminals of glycinergic neurons. Mice deficient in GlyT2 are normal at birth but during the second postnatal week develop a lethal...
5-HT4a receptor expressed in Sf.9 cells is palmitylated in an agonist dependent manner (2001)
Ponimaskin, E., Schmidt, R., Heine, M., Bickmeyer, U., Richter, D. W.
Activating convergent signal pathways in respiratory neurons of the ventral medullary group (2001)
Richter, D. W., Bickmeyer, U., Bischoff, A. M., Guenther, U., Haller, M., Lalley, P. M., ...
Immunostaining of 5-HT4a and 5-HT7 receptors in mousee hippocampal neuron (2001)
Manzke, T., Bickmeyer, U., Rössler, W., Heine, M., Richter, D. W.
Ponimaskin, E G, Schmidt, M F, Heine, M, Bickmeyer, U, Richter, D W
The mouse 5-hydroxytryptamine 4(a) receptor [5-HT(4(a))] was expressed with a baculovirus system in insect cells and analysed for acylation. [(3)H]Palmitic acid was effectively incorporated into...
Richter, D W, Champagnat, J, Jacquin, T, Benacka, R
1. Respiratory neurons of mammals are rhythmically active because their membrane potential fluctuates periodically over a voltage range of -70 to -55 mV. These respiratory drive potentials lead to...
The roles of K+ conductance in expiratory pattern generation in anaesthetized cats.
1. The potassium current blockers caesium and tetraethylammonium were injected intracellularly by ionophoretic current into brainstem expiratory neurones of the ventral group. Neurones were...
5-HT2 receptor-controlled modulation of medullary respiratory neurones in the cat.
Lalley, P M, Bischoff, A M, Schwarzacher, S W, Richter, D W
1. The effects of the 5-HT2 receptor agonist alpha-methyl-5-HT were studied on the membrane of expiratory (E2) and post-inspiratory (PI) neurones, by intracellular recordings in the caudal medulla of...
Adenosinergic modulation of respiratory neurones and hypoxic responses in the anaesthetized cat.
Schmidt, C, Bellingham, M C, Richter, D W
1. The modulatory effects of intracellularly injected adenosine on membrane potential, input resistance and spontaneous or evoked synaptic activity were determined in respiratory neurones of the...
Role of fast inhibitory synaptic mechanisms in respiratory rhythm generation in the maturing mouse.
1. The importance of glycinergic and GABAAergic synaptic mechanisms for respiratory rhythm generation in the maturing mouse were investigated in vivo and in an in vitro slice preparation generating...
Calcium-dependent responses in neurons of the isolated respiratory network of newborn rats.
Onimaru, H, Ballanyi, K, Richter, D W
1. Membrane potentials (Em) and currents (Im) were measured using whole-cell patch clamp techniques in inspiratory (Insp, types I-III), preinspiratory (Pre-I) and tonic expiratory (Exp) neurons of...
Ramirez, J M, Quellmalz, U J, Richter, D W
1. Spontaneous rhythmic activity in hypoglossal (XII) rootlets is generated at all postnatal stages from postnatal day (P) 0 to P22 in the transverse brainstem slice of mice containing the...
Ballanyi, K, Lalley, P M, Hoch, B, Richter, D W
1. Membrane potential (Vm) and resistance (Rm) of ventral respiratory group (VRG) neurons were measured in the isolated brainstem-spinal cord from newborn rats during bath application of the opioid...
Hypoxic response of hypoglossal motoneurones in the in vivo cat.
Pierrefiche, O, Bischoff, A M, Richter, D W, Spyer, K M
1. In current and voltage clamp, the effects of hypoxia were studied on resting and synaptic properties of hypoglossal motoneurones in barbiturate-anaesthetized adult cats. 2. Twenty-nine hypoglossal...
5-HT-1A receptor-mediated modulation of medullary expiratory neurones in the cat.
Lalley, P M, Bischoff, A M, Richter, D W
The involvement of the 5-HT-1A receptor in serotoninergic responses of stage 2 expiratory (E-2) neurones was investigated in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated cats. The specific...
Protein kinase C pathways modulate respiratory pattern generation in the cat.
Haji, A, Pierrefiche, O, Lalley, P M, Richter, D W
1. The significance of protein kinase C (PKC) in respiratory pattern generation was investigated in forty-three expiratory neurones of anaesthetized cats. 2. Intracellular injection of...
ATP-sensitive K+ channels are functional in expiratory neurones of normoxic cats.
Pierrefiche, O, Bischoff, A M, Richter, D W
1. We analysed spontaneously active expiratory neurones (n = 48) of anaesthetized cats for the presence of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels. 2. Intracellular injection of ATP reversibly depolarized...
Microenvironment of respiratory neurons in the in vitro brainstem-spinal cord of neonatal rats.
Brockhaus, J, Ballanyi, K, Smith, J C, Richter, D W
1. O2-, K(+)- and pH-sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure extracellular oxygen pressure (PO2), K+ activity (aKo) and pH (pHo) in ventral regions of the medulla oblongata containing...
Feldman, J L, Windhorst, U, Anders, K, Richter, D W
1. Termination of inspiration is an essential component of respiratory rhythm generation and its perturbation can result in apneusis, i.e. significant prolongation of mechanisms, we studied the...
Response of the medullary respiratory network of the cat to hypoxia.
Richter, D W, Bischoff, A, Anders, K, Bellingham, M, Windhorst, U
1. The effect of systemic hypoxia was tested in anaesthetized, immobilized, thoracotomized and artificially ventilated cats with peripheral chemoreceptor afferents either intact or cut. Extracellular...
Inhibition of caudal medullary expiratory neurones by retrofacial inspiratory neurones in the cat.
Anders, K, Ballantyne, D, Bischoff, A M, Lalley, P M, Richter, D W
1. Comparisons between the spike discharge of inspiratory neurons within the retrofacial area (RFN), and the membrane potential of expiratory neurones within the caudal medulla were made in...
The medullary respiratory network in the rat.
Schwarzacher, S W, Wilhelm, Z, Anders, K, Richter, D W
1. In urethane or Nembutal anaesthetized and artificially ventilated Wistar rats, respiratory neurones of the ventrolateral medulla oblongata were analysed in extracellular (n = 74) and intracellular...
Intracellular recordings were made from caudal medullary expiratory neurones in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized, vagotomized and artificially ventilated cats. The sample consisted of thirty-three...
Gilbey, M P, Jordan, D, Richter, D W, Spyer, K M
The respiratory modulation of the activity of vagal cardio-inhibitory neurones of the nucleus ambiguus of the cat has been investigated by electrophysiological and neuropharmacological techniques....
Post-synaptic inhibition of bulbar inspiratory neurones in the cat.
Stable intracellular recordings from thirty-six bulbar inspiratory neurones revealed three centrally originating, rhythmic patterns of synaptic inhibition (i.p.s.p.s). (i) A declining pattern of...
Richter, D W, Champagnat, J, Jacquin, T, Benacka, R
1. Respiratory neurons of mammals are rhythmically active because their membrane potential fluctuates periodically over a voltage range of -70 to -55 mV. These respiratory drive potentials lead to...
The roles of K+ conductance in expiratory pattern generation in anaesthetized cats.
1. The potassium current blockers caesium and tetraethylammonium were injected intracellularly by ionophoretic current into brainstem expiratory neurones of the ventral group. Neurones were...
5-HT2 receptor-controlled modulation of medullary respiratory neurones in the cat.
Lalley, P M, Bischoff, A M, Schwarzacher, S W, Richter, D W
1. The effects of the 5-HT2 receptor agonist alpha-methyl-5-HT were studied on the membrane of expiratory (E2) and post-inspiratory (PI) neurones, by intracellular recordings in the caudal medulla of...
Adenosinergic modulation of respiratory neurones and hypoxic responses in the anaesthetized cat.
Schmidt, C, Bellingham, M C, Richter, D W
1. The modulatory effects of intracellularly injected adenosine on membrane potential, input resistance and spontaneous or evoked synaptic activity were determined in respiratory neurones of the...
Role of fast inhibitory synaptic mechanisms in respiratory rhythm generation in the maturing mouse.
1. The importance of glycinergic and GABAAergic synaptic mechanisms for respiratory rhythm generation in the maturing mouse were investigated in vivo and in an in vitro slice preparation generating...
Calcium-dependent responses in neurons of the isolated respiratory network of newborn rats.
Onimaru, H, Ballanyi, K, Richter, D W
1. Membrane potentials (Em) and currents (Im) were measured using whole-cell patch clamp techniques in inspiratory (Insp, types I-III), preinspiratory (Pre-I) and tonic expiratory (Exp) neurons of...
Ramirez, J M, Quellmalz, U J, Richter, D W
1. Spontaneous rhythmic activity in hypoglossal (XII) rootlets is generated at all postnatal stages from postnatal day (P) 0 to P22 in the transverse brainstem slice of mice containing the...
Ballanyi, K, Lalley, P M, Hoch, B, Richter, D W
1. Membrane potential (Vm) and resistance (Rm) of ventral respiratory group (VRG) neurons were measured in the isolated brainstem-spinal cord from newborn rats during bath application of the opioid...
Hypoxic response of hypoglossal motoneurones in the in vivo cat.
Pierrefiche, O, Bischoff, A M, Richter, D W, Spyer, K M
1. In current and voltage clamp, the effects of hypoxia were studied on resting and synaptic properties of hypoglossal motoneurones in barbiturate-anaesthetized adult cats. 2. Twenty-nine hypoglossal...
5-HT-1A receptor-mediated modulation of medullary expiratory neurones in the cat.
Lalley, P M, Bischoff, A M, Richter, D W
The involvement of the 5-HT-1A receptor in serotoninergic responses of stage 2 expiratory (E-2) neurones was investigated in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated cats. The specific...
Protein kinase C pathways modulate respiratory pattern generation in the cat.
Haji, A, Pierrefiche, O, Lalley, P M, Richter, D W
1. The significance of protein kinase C (PKC) in respiratory pattern generation was investigated in forty-three expiratory neurones of anaesthetized cats. 2. Intracellular injection of...
ATP-sensitive K+ channels are functional in expiratory neurones of normoxic cats.
Pierrefiche, O, Bischoff, A M, Richter, D W
1. We analysed spontaneously active expiratory neurones (n = 48) of anaesthetized cats for the presence of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels. 2. Intracellular injection of ATP reversibly depolarized...
Microenvironment of respiratory neurons in the in vitro brainstem-spinal cord of neonatal rats.
Brockhaus, J, Ballanyi, K, Smith, J C, Richter, D W
1. O2-, K(+)- and pH-sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure extracellular oxygen pressure (PO2), K+ activity (aKo) and pH (pHo) in ventral regions of the medulla oblongata containing...
Feldman, J L, Windhorst, U, Anders, K, Richter, D W
1. Termination of inspiration is an essential component of respiratory rhythm generation and its perturbation can result in apneusis, i.e. significant prolongation of mechanisms, we studied the...
Response of the medullary respiratory network of the cat to hypoxia.
Richter, D W, Bischoff, A, Anders, K, Bellingham, M, Windhorst, U
1. The effect of systemic hypoxia was tested in anaesthetized, immobilized, thoracotomized and artificially ventilated cats with peripheral chemoreceptor afferents either intact or cut. Extracellular...
Inhibition of caudal medullary expiratory neurones by retrofacial inspiratory neurones in the cat.
Anders, K, Ballantyne, D, Bischoff, A M, Lalley, P M, Richter, D W
1. Comparisons between the spike discharge of inspiratory neurons within the retrofacial area (RFN), and the membrane potential of expiratory neurones within the caudal medulla were made in...
The medullary respiratory network in the rat.
Schwarzacher, S W, Wilhelm, Z, Anders, K, Richter, D W
1. In urethane or Nembutal anaesthetized and artificially ventilated Wistar rats, respiratory neurones of the ventrolateral medulla oblongata were analysed in extracellular (n = 74) and intracellular...
Intracellular recordings were made from caudal medullary expiratory neurones in pentobarbitone-anaesthetized, vagotomized and artificially ventilated cats. The sample consisted of thirty-three...
Gilbey, M P, Jordan, D, Richter, D W, Spyer, K M
The respiratory modulation of the activity of vagal cardio-inhibitory neurones of the nucleus ambiguus of the cat has been investigated by electrophysiological and neuropharmacological techniques....
Post-synaptic inhibition of bulbar inspiratory neurones in the cat.
Stable intracellular recordings from thirty-six bulbar inspiratory neurones revealed three centrally originating, rhythmic patterns of synaptic inhibition (i.p.s.p.s). (i) A declining pattern of...
Ponimaskin, E G, Schmidt, M F, Heine, M, Bickmeyer, U, Richter, D W
The mouse 5-hydroxytryptamine 4(a) receptor [5-HT(4(a))] was expressed with a baculovirus system in insect cells and analysed for acylation. [(3)H]Palmitic acid was effectively incorporated into...
The hypoxic response of neurones within the in vitro mammalian respiratory network
Ramirez, J M, Quellmalz, U J A, Wilken, B, Richter, D W
The transverse brainstem slice preparation containing the pre-Bötzinger complex (PBC) was used in mice to study developmental changes of the response of the in vitro respiratory network to hypoxia....
Selective lesioning of the cat pre-Bötzinger complex in vivo eliminates breathing but not gasping
Ramirez, J M, Schwarzacher, S W, Pierrefiche, O, Olivera, B M, Richter, D W
To examine the functional importance of the pre-Bötzinger complex for breathing we micro-injected, under in vivo conditions, the calcium channel blocker ω-conotoxin GVIA and the sodium channel...
Pierrefiche, O, Schwarzacher, S W, Bischoff, A M, Richter, D W
The role of synaptic inhibition in respiratory rhythm generation was analysed by microinjections of GABAA and glycine receptor antagonists into the bilateral pre-Bötzinger complex (PBC) of...
Hypoxia activates ATP-dependent potassium channels in inspiratory neurones of neonatal mice
Mironov, S L, Langohr, K, Haller, M, Richter, D W
The respiratory centre of neonatal mice (4 to 12 days old) was isolated in 700 μm thick brainstem slices. Whole-cell K+ currents and single ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channels were analysed in...
L-type Ca2+ channels in inspiratory neurones of mice and their modulation by hypoxia
Whole-cell (ICa) and single Ca2+ channel currents were measured in inspiratory neurones of neonatal mice (4–12 days old). During whole-cell recordings, ICa slowly declined and disappeared within...
Richter, D W, Schmidt-Garcon, P, Pierrefiche, O, Bischoff, A M, Lalley, P M
The contributions of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators to the responses of the respiratory network to acute hypoxia were analysed in anaesthetized cats.Samples of extracellular fluid were...
We studied the functions of mitochondria and their hypoxic modulation in the brainstem slices of neonatal mice (postnatal day (P)6-11). The measurements were made in the preBötzinger complex (pBC),...
Dynamic activation of KATP channels in rhythmically active neurons
Haller, M, Mironov, S L, Karschin, A, Richter, D W
The respiratory centre within the brainstem is one of the most active neuronal networks that generates ongoing rhythmic activity. Stabilization of such vital activity requires efficient processes for...