Helbing, Dirk, Johansson, Anders
Evolutionary game theory has been successfully used to investigate the dynamics of systems, in which many entities have competitive interactions. From a physics point of view, it is interesting to...
An individual-based model of collective attention (2009)
Moussaid, Mehdi, Helbing, Dirk, Theraulaz, Guy
In our modern society, people are daily confronted with an increasing amount of information of any kind. As a consequence, the attention capacities and processing abilities of individuals often...
Experimental study of the behavioural mechanisms underlying self-organization in human crowds (2009)
Moussaid, Mehdi, Helbing, Dirk, Garnier, Simon, Johansson, Anders, Combe, Maud, Theraulaz, Guy
In animal societies as well as in human crowds, many observed collective behaviours result from self-organized processes based on local interactions among individuals. However, models of crowd...
Reply to "What Faster-than-traffic Characteristic Speeds Mean for Vehicular Traffic Flow" (2009)
This contribution replies to H. M. Zhang's paper "What Faster-than-traffic Characteristic Speeds Mean for Vehicular Traffic Flow", which comments on the manuscript "On the Controversy around...
Dirk Helbing, Martin Schönhof, Daniel Kern
and traffic optimization
Routes to Cooperation and Herding Effects in the Prisoner's Dilemma Game (2009)
Game theory formalizes interactions between living beings in biology, sociology, and economics, or even between physical particles [D. Helbing, T. Vicsek, New J. of Phys. 1, 13.1 (1999)] and...
The outbreak of cooperation among success-driven individuals under noisy conditions (2009)
According to Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan [1651; 2008 (Touchstone, New York), English Ed], "the life of man [is] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short," and it would need powerful social institutions...
Operation Regimes and Slower-is-Faster-Effect in the Control of Traffic Intersections (2009)
Helbing, Dirk, Mazloumian, Amin
The efficiency of traffic flows in urban areas is known to crucially depend on signal operation. Here, elements of signal control are discussed, based on the minimization of overall travel times or...
A local agglomeration of cooperators can support the survival or spreading of cooperation, even when cooperation is predicted to die out according to the replicator equation, which is often used in...
Theoretical vs. Empirical Classification and Prediction of Congested Traffic States (2009)
Helbing, Dirk, Treiber, Martin, Kesting, Arne, Schönhof, Martin
Starting from the instability diagram of a traffic flow model, we derive conditions for the occurrence of congested traffic states, their appearance, their spreading in space and time, and the...
Game Theoretical Interactions of Moving Agents (2009)
Game theory has been one of the most successful quantitative concepts to describe social interactions, their strategical aspects, and outcomes. Among the payoff matrix quantifying the result of a...
Analytical and Numerical Investigation of Ant Behavior Under Crowded Conditions (2008)
Peters, Karsten, Johansson, Anders, Dussutour, Audrey, Helbing, Dirk
Swarm intelligence is widely recognized as a powerful paradigm of self-organized optimization, with numerous examples of successful applications in distributed artificial intelligence. However, the...
Johansson, Anders, Helbing, Dirk, Shukla, Pradyumn
Based on suitable video recordings of interactive pedestrian motion and improved tracking software, we apply an evolutionary optimization algorithm to determine optimal parameter specifications for...
From Crowd Dynamics to Crowd Safety: A Video-Based Analysis (2008)
Johansson, Anders, Helbing, Dirk, Al-Abideen, Habib Z., Al-Bosta, Salim
The study of crowd dynamics is interesting because of the various self-organization phenomena resulting from the interactions of many pedestrians, which may improve or obstruct their flow. Besides...
Treiber, Martin, Helbing, Dirk
This contribution presents a derivation of the steady-state distribution of velocities and distances of driven particles on a onedimensional periodic ring. We will compare two different situations:...
Helbing, Dirk, Moussaid, Mehdi
Driven many-particle systems with nonlinear interactions are known to often display multi-stability, i.e. depending on the respective initial condition, there may be different outcomes. Here, we...
A Power Law for the Duration of High-Flow States in Heterogeneous Traffic Flows (2008)
We study the duration of "high-flow states" in freeway traffic, defined as the time periods for which traffic flows exceed a given flow threshold. Our empirical data are surprisingly well represented...
Derivation of a Fundamental Diagram for Urban Traffic Flow (2008)
Despite the importance of urban traffic flows, there are only a few theoretical approaches to determine fundamental relationships between macroscopic traffic variables such as the traffic density,...
This contribution compares several different approaches allowing one to derive macroscopic traffic equation directly from microscopic car-following models. While it is shown that some conventional...
The study of linear stability of traffic models is a widely established approach to study the ability of traffic models to describe emergent traffic jams. Here, besides deriving a collection of...
Agents for Traffic Simulation (2008)
Kesting, Arne, Treiber, Martin, Helbing, Dirk
Vehicular traffic is a classical example of a multi-agent system in which autonomous drivers operate in a shared environment. The article provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in microscopic...
Self-Control of Traffic Lights and Vehicle Flows in Urban Road Networks (2008)
Based on fluid-dynamic and many-particle (car-following) simulations of traffic flows in (urban) networks, we study the problem of coordinating incompatible traffic flows at intersections. Inspired...
Bacterial Cooperative Organization Under Antibiotic Stress (2007)
Physica A, Eshel Ben-jacob, Inon Cohen, Ido Golding, David L. Gutnick, ...
Bacteria have developed sophisticated modes of cooperative behavior to cope with unfavorable environmental conditions. Here we report the e#ect of antibiotic stress on the colonial development of...
Moving Like a Solid Block (2007)
Dirk Helbing, Bernardo A. Huberman
of interest because, in addition to its intrinsic economic value, it throws light on a number of dynamical social phenomena which result when individual drivers try to maximize their own utilities...
Crowd turbulence: the physics of crowd disasters (2007)
Helbing, Dirk, Johansson, Anders, Al-Abideen, Habib Z.
The panic stampede is a serious concern during mass events like soccer championship games. Despite huge numbers of security forces and crowd control measures, hundreds of lives are lost in crowd...
Dynamic Effects Increasing Network Vulnerability to Cascading Failures (2007)
Simonsen, Ingve, Buzna, Lubos, Peters, Karsten, Bornholdt, Stefan, Helbing, Dirk
We study cascading failures in networks using a dynamical flow model based on simple conservation and distribution laws to investigate the impact of transient dynamics caused by the rebalancing of...
Self-Organized Network Flows (2007)
Helbing, Dirk, Siegmeier, Jan, Lämmer, Stefan
A model for traffic flow in street networks or material flows in supply networks is presented, that takes into account the conservation of cars or materials and other significant features of traffic...
The Dynamics of Crowd Disasters: An Empirical Study (2007)
Helbing, Dirk, Johansson, Anders, Al-Abideen, Habib Zein
Many observations in the dynamics of pedestrian crowds, including various self-organization phenomena, have been successfully described by simple many-particle models. For ethical reasons, however,...
Schönhof, Martin, Treiber, Martin, Kesting, Arne, Helbing, Dirk
In this paper, a minimalist, completely distributed freeway traffic information system is introduced. It involves an autonomous, vehicle-based jam front detection, the information transmission via...
Efficient Response to Cascading Disaster Spreading (2006)
Buzna, Lubos, Peters, Karsten, Ammoser, Hendrik, Kuehnert, Christian, Helbing, Dirk
We study the effectiveness of recovery strategies for a dynamic model of failure spreading in networks. These strategies control the distribution of resources based on information about the current...
Analytical Approach to Continuous and Intermittent Bottleneck Flows (2006)
Helbing, Dirk, Johansson, Anders, Mathiesen, Joachim, Jensen, Mogens H., Hansen, Alex
We propose a many-particle-inspired theory for granular outflows from a hopper and for the escape dynamics through a bottleneck based on a continuity equation in polar coordinates. If the inflow is...
Scaling laws in the spatial structure of urban road networks (2006)
Lämmer, Stefan, Gehlsen, Björn, Helbing, Dirk
The urban road networks of the 20 largest German cities have been analysed, based on a detailed database providing the geographical positions as well as the travel-times for network sizes up to...
Decentralised control of material or traffic flows in networks using phase-synchronisation (2006)
Lämmer, Stefan, Kori, Hiroshi, Peters, Karsten, Helbing, Dirk
We present a self-organising, decentralised control method for material flows in networks. The concept applies to networks where time sharing mechanisms between conflicting flows in nodes are...
Jam-avoiding adaptive cruise control (ACC) and its impact on traffic dynamics (2006)
Kesting, Arne, Treiber, Martin, Schönhof, Martin, Kranke, Florian, Helbing, Dirk
Adaptive-Cruise Control (ACC) automatically accelerates or decelerates a vehicle to maintain a selected time gap, to reach a desired velocity, or to prevent a rear-end collision. To this end, the ACC...
Information and material flows in complex networks (2006)
Helbing, Dirk, Armbruster, Dieter, Mikhailov, Alexander S., Lefeber, Erjen
In this special issue, an overview of the Thematic Institute (TI) on Information and Material Flows in Complex Systems is given. The TI was carried out within EXYSTENCE, the first EU Network of...
Decentralised control of material or traffic flows in networks using phase-synchronisation (2006)
Lämmer, Stefan, Kori, Hiroshi, Peters, Karsten, Helbing, Dirk
We present a self-organising, decentralised control method for material flows in networks. The concept applies to networks where time sharing mechanisms between conflicting flows in nodes are...
Self-Organized Control of Irregular or Perturbed Network Traffic (2005)
Helbing, Dirk, Lämmer, Stefan, Lebacque, Jean-Patrick
We present a fluid-dynamic model for the simulation of urban traffic networks with road sections of different lengths and capacities. The model allows one to efficiently simulate the transitions...
Treiber, Martin, Kesting, Arne, Helbing, Dirk
We investigate the adaptation of the time headways in car-following models as a function of the local velocity variance, which is a measure of the inhomogeneity of traffic flow. We apply this...
Helbing, Dirk, Jiang, Rui, Treiber, Martin
In two intersecting many-particle streams, one can often find the emergence of oscillatory patterns. Here, we investigate the interaction of pedestrians with vehicles, when they try to cross a road....
Helbing, Dirk, Schonhof, Martin, Stark, Hans-Ulrich, Holyst, Janusz A.
In many social dilemmas, individuals tend to generate a situation with low payoffs instead of a system optimum ("tragedy of the commons"). Is the routing of traffic a similar problem? In order to...
Inefficient emergent oscillations in intersecting driven many-particle flows (2005)
Jiang, Rui, Helbing, Dirk, Shukla, Pradyumn Kumar, Wu, Qing-Song
Oscillatory flow patterns have been observed in many different driven many-particle systems. The conventional assumption is that the reason for emergent oscillations in opposing flows is an increased...
Helbing, Dirk, Treiber, Martin, Saam, Nicole J.
We investigate a selection-mutation model for the dynamics of technological innovation,a special case of reaction-diffusion equations. Although mutations are assumed to increase the variety of...
Supply and Production Networks: From the Bullwhip Effect to Business Cycles (2004)
Network theory is rapidly changing our understanding of complex systems, but the relevance of topological features for the dynamic behavior of metabolic networks, food webs, production systems,...
Empirical Features of Congested Traffic States and Their Implications for Traffic Modeling (2004)
Schoenhof, Martin, Helbing, Dirk
We investigate characteristic properties of the congested traffic states on a 30 km long stretch of the German freeway A5 north of Frankfurt/Main. Among the approximately 245 breakdowns of traffic...
Network-Induced Oscillatory Behavior in Material Flow Networks and Business Cycles (2004)
Helbing,Dirk, Lämmer,Stefan, Witt,Ulrich, Brenner,Thomas
Network theory is rapidly changing our understanding of complex systems, but the relevance of topological features for the dynamic behavior of metabolic networks, food webs, production...
Physics, Stability and Dynamics of Supply Networks (2004)
Helbing, Dirk, Lammer, Stefan, Seidel, Thomas, Seba, Petr, Platkowski, Tadeusz
We show how to treat supply networks as physical transport problems governed by balance equations and equations for the adaptation of production speeds. Although the non-linear behaviour is...
Delays, Inaccuracies and Anticipation in Microscopic Traffic Models (2004)
Treiber, Martin, Kesting, Arne, Helbing, Dirk
We generalize a wide class of time-continuous microscopic traffic models to include essential aspects of driver behaviour not captured by these models. Specifically, we consider (i) finite reaction...
Network-Induced Oscillatory Behavior in Material Flow Networks (2004)
Helbing, Dirk, Witt, Ulrich, Laemmer, Stefan, Brenner, Thomas
Network theory is rapidly changing our understanding of complex systems, but the relevance of topological features for the dynamic behavior of metabolic networks, food webs, production systems,...
Optimal traffic organisation in ants under crowded conditions (2004)
Dussutour, Audrey, Fourcassie, Vincent, Helbing, Dirk, Deneubourg, Jean-Louis
Efficient transportation, a hot topic in nonlinear science, is essential for modern societies and the survival of biological species. Biological evolution has generated a rich variety of successful...
Production, Supply, and Traffic Systems: A Unified Description (2004)
The transport of products between different suppliers or production units can be described similarly to driven many-particle and traffic systems. We introduce equations for the flow of goods in...
Network-Induced Oscillatory Behavior in Material Flow Networks and Business Cycles (2004)
Helbing, Dirk, Lämmer, Stefan, Witt, Ulrich, Brenner, Thomas
Network theory is rapidly changing our understanding of complex systems, but the relevance of topological features for the dynamic behavior of metabolic networks, food webs, production...
Network-induced oscillatory behavior in material flow networks and irregular business cycles (2004)
Helbing, Dirk, Lämmer, Stefan, Witt, Ulrich, Brenner, Thomas
Modeling Supply Networks and Business Cycles as Unstable Transport Phenomena (2003)
Physical concepts developed to describe instabilities in traffic flows can be generalized in a way that allows one to understand the well-known instability of supply chains (the so-called ``bullwhip...
Fokker-Planck equation approach to vehicle statistics (2003)
Helbing, Dirk, Treiber, Martin
This contribution presents a derivation of the steady-state distribution of velocities and distances of vehicles in freeway traffic which has been suggested for the evaluation of interaction...
While many classical traffic models treat the spatial extension of streets continuously or by discretization into cells of a certain length, we will subdivide roads into comparatively long...
Helbing, Dirk, Kuehnert, Christian
In this paper we present a versatile method for the investigation of interaction networks and show how to use it to assess effects of indirect interactions and feedback loops. The method allows to...
Many-particle simulation of the evacuation process from a room without visibility (2003)
Isobe, Motonari, Helbing, Dirk, Nagatani, Takashi
We study the evacuation process from a smoky room by means of experiments and simulations. People in a dark or smoky room are mimicked by ``blind'' students wearing eye masks. The evacuation of the...
Stability Analysis and Stabilization Strategies for Linear Supply Chains (2003)
Nagatani, Takashi, Helbing, Dirk
Due to delays in the adaptation of production or delivery rates, supply chains can be dynamically unstable with respect to perturbations in the consumption rate, which is known as "bull-whip effect"....
Memory effects in microscopic traffic models and wide scattering in flow-density data (2003)
Treiber, Martin, Helbing, Dirk
By means of microscopic simulations we show that non-instantaneous adaptation of the driving behaviour to the traffic situation together with the conventional measurement method of flow-density data...
Simulation software for 'Simulating Dynamical Features of Escape Panic' (2003)
Helbing, Dirk, Farkas, Illes, Vicsek, Tamas
Simulation software used to produce results in cond-mat/0009448 -- published as Helbing et.al, Simulating Dynamical Features of Escape Panic, Nature 407, 487-490 (2000) -- has been made available via...
Determination of Interaction Potentials in Freeway Traffic from Steady-State Statistics (2003)
Many-particle simulations of vehicle interactions have been quite successful in the qualitative reproduction of observed traffic patterns. However, the assumed interactions could not be measured, as...
Energy and Scaling Laws in Human Travel Behaviour (2003)
We show that energy concepts can contribute to the understanding of human travel behaviour. First, the average travel times for different modes of transportation are inversely proportional to the...
Modeling Supply Chains and Business Cycles as Unstable Transport Phenomena (2003)
Physical concepts developed to describe instabilities in traffic flows can be generalized in a way that allows one to understand the well-known instability of supply chains (the so-called ``bullwhip...
Interpreting the Wide Scattering of Synchronized Traffic Data by Time Gap Statistics (2002)
Nishinari, Katsuhiro, Treiber, Martin, Helbing, Dirk
Based on the statistical evaluation of experimental single-vehicle data, we propose a quantitative interpretation of the erratic scattering of flow-density data in synchronized traffic flows. A...
Drift- or Fluctuation-Induced Ordering and Self-Organization in Driven Many-Particle Systems (2002)
Helbing, Dirk, Platkowski, Tadeusz
According to empirical observations, some pattern formation phenomena in driven many-particle systems are more pronounced in the presence of a certain noise level. We investigate this phenomenon of...
Microsimulations of Freeway Traffic Including Control Measures (2002)
Treiber, Martin, Helbing, Dirk
Using a recently developed microscopic traffic model, we simulate how speed limits, on-ramp controls, and vehicle-based driver-assistance systems influence freeway traffic. We present results for a...
Crowd behaves as excitable media during Mexican wave (2002)
Farkas, Illes, Helbing, Dirk, Vicsek, Tamas
Mexican wave, or La Ola, first widely broadcasted during the 1986 World Cup held in Mexico, is a human wave moving along the stands of stadiums as one section of spectators stands up, arms lifting,...
Volatility clustering and scaling for financial time series due to attractor bubbling (2002)
Krawiecki, Andrzej, Holyst, Janusz A., Helbing, Dirk
A microscopic model of financial markets is considered, consisting of many interacting agents (spins) with global coupling and discrete-time thermal bath dynamics, similar to random Ising systems....
An adaptive smoothing method for traffic state identification from incomplete information (2002)
Treiber, Martin, Helbing, Dirk
We present a new method to obtain spatio-temporal information from aggregated data of stationary traffic detectors, the ``adaptive smoothing method''. In essential, a nonlinear spatio-temporal...
Helbing, Dirk, Schoenhof, Martin, Kern, Daniel
The coordinated and efficient distribution of limited resources by individual decisions is a fundamental, unsolved problem. When individuals compete for road capacities, time, space, money, goods,...
Helbing, Dirk, Batic, Davide, Schoenhof, Martin, Treiber, Martin
Traffic flow at low densities (free traffic) is characterized by a quasi-one-dimensional relation between traffic flow and vehicle density, while no such fundamental diagram exists for `synchronized'...
Traffic and Related Self-Driven Many-Particle Systems (2000)
Since the subject of traffic dynamics has captured the interest of physicists, many astonishing effects have been revealed and explained. Some of the questions now understood are the following: Why...
Simulating Dynamical Features of Escape Panic (2000)
Helbing, Dirk, Farkas, Illes, Vicsek, Tamas
One of the most disastrous forms of collective human behaviour is the kind of crowd stampede induced by panic, often leading to fatalities as people are crushed or trampled. Sometimes this behaviour...
Micro- and Macrosimulation of Freeway Traffic (2000)
Helbing, Dirk, Hennecke, Ansgar, Shvetsov, Vladimir, Treiber, Martin
We present simulations of congested traffic in circular and open systems with a non-local, gas-kinetic-based traffic model and a novel car-following model. The model parameters are all intuitive and...
Self-Organization in Space and Induced by Fluctuations (2000)
Helbing, Dirk, Platkowski, Tadeusz
We present a simple discrete model for the non-linear spatial interaction of different kinds of ``subpopulations'' composed of identical moving entities like particles, bacteria, individuals, etc....
Congested Traffic States in Empirical Observations and Microscopic Simulations (2000)
Treiber, Martin, Hennecke, Ansgar, Helbing, Dirk
We present data from several German freeways showing different kinds of congested traffic forming near road inhomogeneities, specifically lane closings, intersections, or uphill gradients. The states...
Optimizing Traffic in Virtual and Real Space (2000)
Helbing, Dirk, Huberman, Bernardo A., Maurer, Sebastian M.
We show how optimization methods from economics known as portfolio strategies can be used for minimizing download times in the Internet and travel times in freeway traffic. While for Internet...
Congested Traffic States in Empirical Observations and Microscopic Simulations (2000)
Martin Treiber, Ansgar Hennecke, Dirk Helbing
We present data from several German freeways showing different kinds of congested traffic forming near road inhomogeneities, specifically lane closings, intersections, or uphill gradients. The states...
Evaluation of Single Vehicle Data in Dependence of the Vehicle-Type, Lane, and Site (1999)
In this paper we study dependencies of fundamental diagrams, time gap distributions, and velocity-distance relations on vehicle types, lanes and/or measurement sites. We also propose measurement and...
Numerical Simulation of Macroscopic Traffic Equations (1999)
Helbing, Dirk, Treiber, Martin
Macroscopic traffic simulations are based on coupled non-linear partial differential equations, the solutions of which are either shock-like or inhomogeneous with steep gradients, at least in the...
Economics-Based Optimization of Unstable Flows (1999)
Huberman, Bernardo A., Helbing, Dirk
As an example for the optimization of unstable flows, we present an economics-based method for deciding the optimal rates at which vehicles are allowed to enter a highway. It exploits the naturally...
Macroscopic Dynamics of Multi-Lane Traffic (1999)
Shvetsov, Vladimir, Helbing, Dirk
We present a macroscopic model of mixed multi-lane freeway traffic that can be easily calibrated to empirical traffic data, as is shown for Dutch highway data. The model is derived from a gas-kinetic...
Freezing by Heating in a Driven Mesoscopic System (1999)
Helbing, Dirk, Farkas, Illes, Vicsek, Tamas
We investigate a simple model corresponding to particles driven in opposite directions and interacting via a repulsive potential. The particles move off-lattice on a periodic strip and are subject to...
Optimal Self-Organization (1999)
We present computational and analytical results indicating that systems of driven entities with repulsive interactions tend to reach an optimal state associated with minimal interaction and minimal...
Self-Organised Optimality in Driven Systems with Symmetrical Interactions (1999)
Extremal principles are fundamental in our interpretation of phenomena in nature. One of the best known examples is the second law of thermodynamics, governing most physical and chemical systems and...
Explanation of Observed Features of Self-Organization in Traffic Flow (1999)
Treiber, Martin, Helbing, Dirk
Based on simulations with the ``intelligent driver model'', a microscopic traffic model, we explain the recently discovered transition from free over ``synchronized'' traffic to stop-and-go patterns...
Derivation, Properties, and Simulation of a Gas-Kinetic-Based, Non-Local Traffic Model (1999)
Treiber, Martin, Hennecke, Ansgar, Helbing, Dirk
We derive macroscopic traffic equations from specific gas-kinetic equations, dropping some of the assumptions and approximations made in previous papers. The resulting partial differential equations...
Global Phase Diagram of a One-Dimensional Driven Lattice Gas (1999)
Helbing, Dirk, Mukamel, David, Schutz, Gunter M.
We investigate the non-equilibrium stationary state of a translationally invariant one-dimensional driven lattice gas with short-range interactions. The phase diagram is found to exhibit a line of...
Macroscopic Simulation of Widely Scattered Synchronized Traffic States (1999)
Treiber, Martin, Helbing, Dirk
Recently, a phase transition to synchronized congested traffic has been observed in empirical highway data [B. S. Kerner and H. Rehborn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4030 (1997)]. This hysteretic transition...
Jams, Waves, and Clusters (1998)
Helbing, Dirk, Treiber, Martin
Have you been suffering from traffic jams lately and asking yourself why freeways are no free ways anymore? After several great advances in traffic theory, Korean physicists have now offered an...
Cellular Automata Simulating Experimental Properties of Traffic Flows (1998)
Helbing, Dirk, Schreckenberg, Michael
A model for 1D traffic flow is developed, which is discrete in space and time. Like the cellular automaton model by Nagel and Schreckenberg [J. Phys. I France 2, 2221 (1992)], it is simple, fast, and...
Gas-Kinetic-Based Traffic Model Explaining Observed Hysteretic Phase Transition (1998)
Helbing, Dirk, Treiber, Martin
Recently, hysteretic transitions to `synchronized traffic' with high values of both density and traffic flow were observed on German freeways [B. S. Kerner and H. Rehborn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 4030...
Optimizing Traffic Flow (1998)
Huberman, Bernardo A., Helbing, Dirk
We present an economics-based method for deciding the optimal rates at which vehicles are allowed to enter a highway. The method exploits the naturally occuring fluctuations of traffic flow and is...
Phase Diagram of Traffic States in the Presence of Inhomogeneities (1998)
Helbing, Dirk, Hennecke, Ansgar, Treiber, Martin
We present a phase diagram of the different kinds of congested traffic that are triggered by disturbances when passing ramps or other spatial inhomogeneities of a freeway. The simulation results...
Generalized Force Model of Traffic Dynamics (1998)
Floating car data of car-following behavior in cities were compared to existing microsimulation models, after their parameters had been calibrated to the experimental data. With these parameter...
Traffic Data and Their Implications for Consistent Traffic Flow Modeling (1998)
The paper analyzes traffic data of the Dutch freeway A9 with respect to certain aspects which are relevant for traffic flow modeling as well as the calibration of model parameters and functions....
From Microscopic to Macroscopic Traffic Models (1998)
The paper presents a systematic derivation of macroscopic equations for freeway traffic flow from an Enskog-like kinetic approach. The resulting fluid-dynamic traffic equations for the spatial...
Self-Organization Phenomena in Pedestrian Crowds (1998)
Pedestrian crowds can very realistically be simulated with a social force model which describes the different influences affecting individual pedestrian motion by a few simple force terms. The model...
Structure and Instability of High-Density Equations for Traffic Flow (1998)
Similar to the treatment of dense gases, fluid-dynamic equations for the dynamics of congested vehicular traffic are derived from Enskog-like kinetic equations. These contain additional terms due to...
Modeling and Simulation of Multi-Lane Traffic Flow (1998)
A most important aspect in the field of traffic modeling is the simulation of bottleneck situations. For their realistic description a macroscopic multi-lane model for uni-directional freeways...
Active Walker Model for the Formation of Human and Animal Trail Systems (1998)
Helbing, Dirk, Schweitzer, Frank, Keltsch, Joachim, Molnar, Peter
Active walker models have recently proved their great value for describing the formation of clusters, periodic patterns, and spiral waves as well as the development of rivers, dielectric breakdown...
Fundamentals of Traffic Flow (1998)
From single vehicle data a number of new empirical results concerning the density-dependence of the velocity distribution and its moments as well as the characteristics of their temporal fluctuations...
Empirical Traffic Data and Their Implications for Traffic Modeling (1998)
From single vehicle data a number of new empirical results about the temporal evolution, correlation, and density-dependence of macroscopic traffic quantities have been determined. These have...
Modeling Multi-Lane Traffic Flow with Queuing Effects (1998)
On the basis of assumptions about the behavior of driver-vehicle units concerning acceleration, deceleration, overtaking, and lane-changing maneuvers, a gas-kinetic traffic model for uni-directional...
Gas-kinetic derivation of Navier-Stokes-like traffic equations (1998)
Macroscopic traffic models have recently been severely criticized to base on lax analogies only and to have a number of deficiencies. Therefore, this paper shows how to construct a logically...
Microscopic Foundation of Stochastic Game Dynamical Equations (1998)
The game dynamical equations are derived from Boltzmann-like equations for individual pair interactions by assuming a certain kind of imitation behavior, the so-called proportional imitation rule....
Boltzmann-like and Boltzmann-Fokker-Planck Equations as a Foundation of Behavioral Models (1998)
It is shown, that the Boltzmann-like equations allow the formulation of a very general model for behavioral changes. This model takes into account spontaneous (or externally induced) behavioral...
This paper presents and derives the interrelations between survival analysis and master equation. Survival analysis deals with modeling the transitions between succeeding states of a system in terms...
A stochastic behavioral model and a `microscopic' foundation of evolutionary game theory (1998)
A stochastic model for behavioral changes by imitative pair interactions of individuals is developed. `Microscopic' assumptions on the specific form of the imitative processes lead to a stochastic...
Occurence Probabilities of Stochastic Paths (1998)
An analytical formula for the occurence probability of Markovian stochastic paths with repeatedly visited and/or equal departure rates is derived. This formula is essential for an efficient...
In the last decade, stochastic models have shown to be very useful for quantitative modelling of social processes. Here, a configurational master equation for the description of behavioral changes by...
Social Force Model for Pedestrian Dynamics (1998)
It is suggested that the motion of pedestrians can be described as if they would be subject to `social forces'. These `forces' are not directly exerted by the pedestrians' personal environment, but...
Interrelations between Stochastic Equations for Systems with Pair Interactions (1998)
Several types of stochastic equations are important in thermodynamics, chemistry, evolutionary biology, population dynamics and quantitative social science. For systems with pair interactions four...
A Mathematical Model for the Behavior of Pedestrians (1998)
The movement of pedestrians is supposed to show certain regularities which can be best described by an ``algorithm'' for the individual behavior and is easily simulated on computers. This behavior is...
A Fluid Dynamic Model for the Movement of Pedestrians (1998)
A kind of fluid dynamic description for the collective movement of pedestrians is developed on the basis of a Boltzmann-like gaskinetic model. The differences between these pedestrian specific...
A Mathematical Model for the Behavior of Individuals in a Social Field (1998)
Related to an idea of Lewin, a mathematical model for behavioral changes under the influence of a social field is developed. The social field reflects public opinion, social norms and trends. It is...
A Contracted Path Integral Solution of the Discrete Master Equation (1998)
A new representation of the exact time dependent solution of the discrete master equation is derived. This representation can be considered as contraction of the path integral solution of Haken. It...
Modelling the Evolution of Human Trail Systems (1998)
Helbing, Dirk, Keltsch, Joachim, Molnar, Peter
Many human social phenomena, such as cooperation, the growth of settlements, traffic dynamics and pedestrian movement, appear to be accessible to mathematical descriptions that invoke...
Derivation and Empirical Validation of a Refined Traffic Flow Model (1998)
The gas-kinetic foundation of fluid-dynamic traffic equations suggested in previous papers [Physica A 219, 375 and 391 (1995)] is further refined by applying the theory of dense gases and granular...
A Mathematical Model for Attitude Formation by Pair Interactions (1998)
Two complementary mathematical models for attitude formation are considered: Starting from the model of Weidlich and Haag (1983), which assumes indirect interactions that are mediated by a mean...
A mathematical model for behavioral changes by pair interactions (i.e. due to direct contact) of individuals is developed. Three kinds of pair interactions can be distinguished: Imitative processes,...
Models for Pedestrian Behavior (1998)
The behavior of pedestrians shows certain regularities, which can be described by quantitative (partly stochastic) models. The models are based on the behavior of individual pedestrians, which...
Coherent Moving States in Highway Traffic (Originally: Moving Like a Solid Block) (1998)
Helbing, Dirk, Huberman, Bernardo A.
Recent advances in multiagent simulations have made possible the study of realistic traffic patterns and allow to test theories based on driver behaviour. Such simulations also display various...
Stochastische Methoden, nichtlineare Dynamik und quantitative Modelle sozialer Prozesse / (1993)
Literaturverz. S. [252] - 263.
Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities
Bettencourt, Luís M. A., Lobo, José, Helbing, Dirk, Kühnert, Christian, West, Geoffrey B.
Humanity has just crossed a major landmark in its history with the majority of people now living in cities. Cities have long been known to be society's predominant engine of innovation and wealth...
Strategies for Optimal Decision Guidance through Information Services
Stochastic Behavioral and Decision Models
DIRK HELBING, MARTIN SCHÃNHOF, HANS-ULRICH STARK, JANUSZ A. HOÅYST
In many social dilemmas, individuals tend to generate a situation with low payoffs instead of a system optimum ("tragedy of the commons"). Is the routing of traffic a similar problem? In order to...
ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF ANT BEHAVIOR UNDER CROWDED CONDITIONS
KARSTEN PETERS, ANDERS JOHANSSON, AUDREY DUSSUTOUR, DIRK HELBING
Swarm intelligence is widely recognized as a powerful paradigm of self-organized optimization, with numerous examples of successful applications in distributed artificial intelligence. However, the...
SPECIFICATION OF THE SOCIAL FORCE PEDESTRIAN MODEL BY EVOLUTIONARY ADJUSTMENT TO VIDEO TRACKING DATA
ANDERS JOHANSSON, DIRK HELBING, PRADYUMN K. SHUKLA
Based on suitable video recordings of interactive pedestrian motion and improved tracking software, we apply an evolutionary optimization algorithm to determine optimal parameter specifications for...
FROM CROWD DYNAMICS TO CROWD SAFETY: A VIDEO-BASED ANALYSIS
ANDERS JOHANSSON, DIRK HELBING, SALIM AL-BOSTA
The study of crowd dynamics is interesting because of the various self-organization phenomena resulting from the interactions of many pedestrians, which may improve or obstruct their flow. Besides...
MIGRATION AS A MECHANISM TO PROMOTE COOPERATION
A unified approach is proposed, which integrates game-theoretical models with models of directed motion. Specifically, strategic interactions in space and imitation of more successful neighboring...
MASTER: macroscopic traffic simulation based on a gas-kinetic, non-local traffic model
Helbing, Dirk, Hennecke, Ansgar, Shvetsov, Vladimir, Treiber, Martin
We present a gas-kinetic (Boltzmann-like) traffic equation that is not only suited for low vehicle densities, but also for the high-density regime, as it takes into account the forwardly directed...
Self-organizing pedestrian movement
Dirk Helbing, Péter Molnár, Illés J Farkas, Kai Bolay
Although pedestrians have individual preferences, aims, and destinations, the dynamics of pedestrian crowds is surprisingly predictable. Pedestrians can move freely only at small pedestrian...
Self-Control of Traffic Lights and Vehicle Flows in Urban Road Networks
Based on fluid-dynamic and many-particle (car-following) simulations of traffic flows in (urban) networks, we study the problem of coordinating incompatible traffic flows at intersections. Inspired...
The outbreak of cooperation among success-driven individuals under noisy conditions
According to Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan [1651; 2008 (Touchstone, New York), English Ed], “the life of man [is] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short,” and it would need powerful social...
Managing Complexity in Socio-Economic Systems
This contribution summarizes some typical features of complex systems such as non-linear interactions, chaotic dynamics, the ``butterfly effect , phase transitions, self-organized criticality,...
Criticism of three-phase traffic theory
Schönhof, Martin, Helbing, Dirk
After introducing the history and main points of three-phase traffic theory, we continue with a critical discussion based on its theoretical features and empirical traffic data. Our data originate...
How norms can generate conflict
Fabian Winter, Heiko Rauhut, Dirk Helbing
Norms play an important role in establishing social order. The current literature focuses on the emergence, maintenance and impact of norms with regard to coordination and cooperation. However, the...