Cenko, S. B., Butler, N. R., Ofek, E. O., Perley, D. A., Morgan, A. N., Frail, D. A., ...
We present broadband (gamma-ray, X-ray, near-infrared, optical, and radio) observations of the gamma-ray burst (GRB) 090709A and its afterglow in an effort to ascertain the origin of this high-energy...
Ofek, E. O., Breslauer, B., Gal-Yam, A., Frail, D., Kasliwal, M. M., Kulkarni, S. R., ...
(abridged) Recently, a new class of radio transients in the 5-GHz band was detected by Bower et al. We present new deep near-Infrared (IR) observations of the field containing these transients, and...
Space and velocity distributions of Galactic isolated old Neutron stars (2009)
I present the results of Monte-Carlo orbital simulations of Galactic Neutron Stars (NSs). The simulations take into account the up-to-date observed NS space and velocity distributions at birth, and...
Mysterious transients unmasked as the bright blue death throes of massive stars (2009)
Quimby, R. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Kasliwal, M. M., Gal-Yam, A., Arcavi, I., Sullivan, M., ...
Movies of the heavens, produced by modern synoptic imaging surveys, are revolutionizing the field of cosmic explosions in astronomy. Recent discoveries suggest entirely new pathways for the deaths of...
The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance and First Results (2009)
Law, N. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Dekany, R. G., Ofek, E. O., Quimby, R. M., Nugent, P. E., ...
The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) is a fully-automated, wide-field survey aimed at a systematic exploration of the optical transient sky. The transient survey is performed using a new 8.1 square...
A new type of stellar explosion (2009)
Perets, H. B., Gal-Yam, A., Mazzali, P., Arnett, D., Kagan, D., Filippenko, A. V., ...
The explosive deaths of stars (supernovae; SNe) are generally explained by two physical processes. Young massive stars (more than eight solar masses, M_Sun) undergo gravitational core-collapse and...
Perley, D. A., Cenko, S. B., Bloom, J. S., Butler, N. R., Kocevski, D., ...
In this work we present the first results of our imaging campaign at Keck Observatory to identify the host galaxies of "dark" gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), events with no detected optical afterglow or...
Dark Bursts in the Swift Era: The Palomar 60 Inch-Swift Early Optical Afterglow Catalog (2009)
Cenko, S. B., Kelemen, J., Harrison, F. A., Fox, D. B., Kulkarni, S. R., Kasliwal, M. M., ...
We present multicolor optical observations of long-duration γ-ray bursts (GRBs) made over a three-year period with the robotic Palomar 60 inch telescope (P60). Our sample consists of all 29 events...
The rate of Type Ia supernovae at z ≈ 0.2 from SDSS-I overlapping fields (2008)
Horesh, A., Poznanski, D., Ofek, E. O., Maoz, D.
In the course of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-I), a large fraction of the surveyed area was observed more than once due to field tiling overlap, usually at different epochs. We utilize some of...
Gal-Yam, A., Bufano, F., Barlow, T. A., Baron, E., Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., ...
We present the initial results from our GALEX program designed to obtain ultraviolet (UV) spectra of nearby core-collapse supernovae (SNe). Our first target, SN 2005ay in the nearby galaxy NGC 3938,...
Gal-Yam, A., Bufano, F., Barlow, T. A., Baron, E., Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., ...
We present the initial results from our GALEX program designed to obtain ultraviolet (UV) spectra of nearby core-collapse supernovae (SNe). Our first target, SN 2005ay in the nearby galaxy NGC 3938,...
Calibrated griz magnitudes of Tycho stars: All-sky photometric calibration using bright stars (2008)
Photometric calibration to 5% accuracy is frequently needed at arbitrary celestial locations; however, existing all-sky astronomical catalogs do not reach this accuracy and time consuming photometric...
The Type IIb SN 2008ax: spectral and light curve evolution (2008)
Pastorello, A., Kasliwal, M., Crockett, R. M., Valenti, S., Arbour, R., Itagaki, K., ...
We present spectroscopy and photometry of the He-rich supernova (SN) 2008ax. The early-time spectra show prominent P-Cygni H lines, which decrease with time and disappear completely about 2 months...
Dark Bursts in the Swift Era: The Palomar 60 inch-Swift Early Optical Afterglow Catalog (2008)
Cenko, S. B., Kelemen, J., Harrison, F. A., Fox, D. B., Kulkarni, S. R., Kasliwal, M. M., ...
We present multi-color optical observations of long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) made over a three year period with the robotic Palomar 60 inch telescope (P60). Our sample consists of all 29...
SN 2007ax : an extremely faint type Ia supernova (2008)
Kasliwal, M. M., Ofek, E. O., Gal-Yam, A., Rau, A., Brown, P. J., Cenko, S. B., ...
We present multiband photometric and optical spectroscopic observations of SN 2007ax, the faintest and reddest Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) yet observed. With M_B = − 15.9 and (B − V)_(max) = 1.2,...
A survey for fast transients in the Fornax Cluster of galaxies (2008)
Rau, A., Ofek, E. O., Kulkarni, S. R., Madore, B. F., Pevunova, O., Ajello, M.
The luminosity gap between novae (M_R ≤ − 10) and supernovae (M_R ≥ − 14) has been well known since the pioneering research of Zwicky and Hubble. Nearby galaxy clusters and concentrations...
GRB 070201: A possible soft gamma-ray repeater in M31 (2008)
Ofek, E. O., Muno, M., Quimby, R., Kulkarni, S. R., Stiele, H., Pietsch, W., ...
GRB 070201 was a bright, short-duration, hard-spectrum gamma-ray burst detected by the Interplanetary Network. Its error quadrilateral, which has an area of 0.124 deg^2, intersects some prominent...
SN2007ax : An Extremely Faint Type Ia Supernova (2008)
Kasliwal, M. M., Ofek, E. O., Gal-Yam, A., Rau, A., Brown, P. J., Cenko, S. B., ...
We present multi-band photometric and optical spectroscopic observations of SN2007ax, the faintest and reddest Type Ia supernova (SNIa) yet observed. With M_B = -15.9 and (B-V)max = 1.2, this SN is...
GALEX Spectroscopy of SN 2005ay suggests a UV spectral uniformity among type II-P supernovae (2008)
Gal-Yam, A., Bufano, F., Barlow, T., Baron, E., Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., ...
We present the first results from our GALEX program designed to obtain ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy of nearby core-collapse supernovae (SNe). Our first target, SN 2005ay in the nearby galaxy NGC...
The type IIb SN 2008ax: spectral and light curve evolution (2008)
Pastorello, A., Kasliwal, M. M., Crockett, R. M., Valenti, S., Arbour, R., Itagaki, K., ...
We present spectroscopy and photometry of the He-rich supernova (SN) 2008ax. The early-time spectra show prominent P-Cygni H lines, which decrease with time and disappear completely about two months...
GRB 070610: a curious galactic transient (2008)
Kasliwal, M. M., Cenko, S. B., Kulkarni, S. R., Cameron, P. B., Nakar, E., Ofek, E. O., ...
GRB 070610 is a typical high-energy event with a duration of 5 s. Yet within the burst localization we detect a highly unusual X-ray and optical transient, Swift J195509.6+261406. We see...
A Survey for Fast Transients in the Fornax Cluster of Galaxies (2008)
Rau, A., Ofek, E. O., Kulkarni, S. R., Madore, B. F., Pevunova, O., Ajello, M.
The luminosity gap between novae (M_R < -10) and supernovae (M_R > -14) is well known since the pioneering research of Zwicky and Hubble. Nearby galaxy clusters and concentrations offer an excellent...
An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova (2008)
Soderberg, A. M., Berger, E., Page, K. L., Schady, P., Parrent, J., Pooley, D., ...
Massive stars end their short lives in spectacular explosions, supernovae, that synthesize new elements and drive galaxy evolution. Throughout history supernovae were discovered chiefly through their...
The environment of M85 optical transient 2006-1 : constraints on the progenitor age and mass (2008)
Ofek, E. O., Kulkarni, S. R., Rau, A., Cenko, S. B., Peng, E. W., Blakeslee, J. P., ...
M85 Optical Transient 2006-1 (M85 OT 2006-1) is the most luminous member of the small family of V838 Mon-like objects, whose nature is still a mystery. This event took place in the Virgo Cluster of...
The broad-lined type Ic supernova 2003jd (2008)
Valenti, S., Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., Patat, F., Mazzali, P., Turatto, M., ...
The results of a worldwide coordinated observational campaign on the broad-lined Type Ic supernova (SN Ic) 2003jd are presented. In total, 74 photometric data points and 26 spectra were collected...
Pastorello, A., Mattila, S., Zampieri, L., Della Valle, M., Smartt, S. J., Valenti, S., ...
We present new spectroscopic and photometric data of the type Ibn supernovae 2006jc, 2000er and 2002ao. We discuss the general properties of this recently proposed supernova family, which also...
The broad-lined type Ic supernova 2003jd (2008)
Valenti, S., Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., Patat, F., Mazzali, P., Turatto, M., ...
An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova (2008)
Soderberg, A. M., Berger, E., Page, K. L., Schady, P., Parrent, J., Pooley, D., ...
GRB 070610: a curious galactic transient (2008)
Kasliwal, M. M., Cenko, S. B., Kulkarni, S. R., Cameron, P. B., Nakar, E., Ofek, E. O., ...
GRB 070201: a possible soft gamma-ray repeater in M31 (2008)
Ofek, E. O., Muno, M., Quimby, R., Kulkarni, S. R., Stiele, H., Pietsch, W., ...
A survey for fast transients in the Fornax cluster of galaxies (2008)
Rau, A., Ofek, E. O., Kulkarni, S. R., Madore, B. F., Pevunova, O., Ajello, M.
An extremely luminous X-ray outburst at the birth of a supernova (2008)
Soderberg, A.M., Berger, E., Page, K.L., Schady, P., Parrent, J., Pooley, D., ...
Massive stars end their short lives in spectacular explosions—supernovae—that synthesize new elements and drive galaxy evolution. Historically, supernovae were discovered mainly through their...
GRB 070201: A possible Soft Gamma Ray Repeater in M31 (2007)
Ofek, E. O., Muno, M., Quimby, R., Kulkarni, S. R., Stiele, H., Pietsch, W., ...
The gamma-ray burst (GRB) 070201 was a bright short-duration hard-spectrum GRB detected by the Inter-Planetary Network (IPN). Its error quadrilateral, which has an area of 0.124 sq. deg, intersects...
GRB070125: The First Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Burst in a Halo Environment (2007)
Cenko, S. B., Fox, D. B., Penprase, B. E., Cucchiara, A., Price, P. A., Berger, E., ...
We present the discovery and high signal-to-noise spectroscopic observations of the optical afterglow of the long-duration gamma-ray burst GRB070125. Unlike all previously observed long-duration...
The Broad-lined Type Ic SN 2003jd (2007)
Valenti, S., Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., Patat, F., Mazzali, P., Turatto, M., ...
The results of a world-wide coordinated observational campaign on the broad-lined Type Ic SN 2003jd are presented. In total, 74 photometric data points and 26 spectra were collected using 11...
The Environment of M85 optical transient 2006-1: constraints on the progenitor age and mass (2007)
Ofek, E. O., Kulkarni, S. R., Rau, A., Cenko, S. B., Peng, E. W., Blakeslee, J. P., ...
M85 optical transient 2006-1 (M85 OT 2006-1) is the most luminous member of the small family of V838 Mon-like objects, whose nature is still a mystery. This event took place in the Virgo cluster of...
Ofek, E. O., Oguri, M., Jackson, N., Inada, N., Kayo, I.
We report the discovery of a new gravitationally lensed quasar, SDSS J131339.98+515128.3, at a redshift of 1.875 with an image separation of 1.24". The lensing galaxy is clearly detected in...
GRB070610 : A Curious Galactic Transient (2007)
Kasliwal, M. M., Cenko, S. B., Kulkarni, S. R., Cameron, P. B., Nakar, E., Ofek, E. O., ...
GRB 070610 is a typical high-energy event with a duration of 5s.Yet within the burst localization we detect a highly unusual X-ray and optical transient, SwiftJ195509.6+261406. We see high amplitude...
An unusually brilliant transient in the galaxy Messier 85 (2007)
Kulkarni, S. R., Ofek, E. O., Rau, A., Cenko, S. B., Soderberg, A. M., Fox, D. B., ...
Historically, variable and transient sources have both surprised astronomers and provided new views of the heavens. Here we report the discovery of an optical transient in the outskirts of the...
Ofek, E. O., Cenko, S. B., Gal-Yam, A., Fox, D. B., Nakar, E., Rau, A., ...
On 2006 May 5, a four second duration, low energy, ~10^49 erg, Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) was observed, spatially associated with a z=0.0894 galaxy. Here, we report the discovery of the GRB optical...
SN 2006gy: An extremely luminous supernova in the galaxy NGC 1260 (2006)
Ofek, E. O., Cameron, P. B., Kasliwal, M. M., Gal-Yam, A., Rau, A., Kulkarni, S. R., ...
With an extinction-corrected V-band peak absolute magnitude of about -22, supernova (SN) 2006gy is probably the brightest SN ever observed. We report on multi-wavelength observations of this SN and...
Determination of stellar shape in microlensing event MOA 2002-BLG-33 (2006)
Rattenbury, N.J., Abe, F., Bennett, D.P., Bond, I.A., Calitz, J.J., Claret, A., ...
We report a measurement of the shape of the source star in microlensing event MOA 2002-BLG-33. The lens for this event was a close binary whose centre-of-mass passed almost directly in front of the...
Determination of stellar shape in microlensing event MOA 2002-BLG-33 (2006)
Rattenbury, N.J., Abe, F., Bennett, D.P., Bond, I.A., Calitz, J.J., Claret, A., ...
We report a measurement of the shape of the source star in microlensing event MOA 2002-BLG-33. The lens for this event was a close binary whose centre-of-mass passed almost directly in front of the...
Determination of stellar shape in microlensing event MOA 2002-BLG-33 (2006)
Rattenbury, N.J., Abe, F., Bennett, D.P., Bond, I.A., Calitz, J.J., Claret, A., ...
We report a measurement of the shape of the source star in microlensing event MOA 2002-BLG-33. The lens for this event was a close binary whose centre-of-mass passed almost directly in front of the...
Spitzer Observations of the New Luminous Red Nova M85OT2006-1 (2006)
Rau, A., Kulkarni, S. R., Ofek, E. O., Yan, L.
M85OT2006-1 is the latest and most brilliant addition to the small group of known Luminous Red Novae (LRNe). An identifying characteristic of the previously detected events (M31 RV, V4322 Sgr & V838...
The Incidence of Dwarf Novae in Large Area Transient Searches (2006)
Rau, A., Schwarz, R., Kulkarni, S. R., Ofek, E. O., Kasliwal, M. M., Brinkworth, C., ...
Understanding and quantifying the contribution of known classes of transient and variable sources is an important lesson to be learned from the manifold of pre-cursors programs of the near-future...
The Short-Hard GRB 051103: Observations and Implications for Its Nature (2006)
Ofek, E. O., Kulkarni, S. R., Nakar, E., Cenko, S. B., Cameron, P. B., Frail, D. A., ...
The bright short-hard GRB 051103 was triangulated by the Inter-Planetary Network and found to occur in the direction of the nearby M81/M82 galaxy group. Given its possible local-universe nature, we...
Cenko, S. B., Kasliwal, M., Harrison, F. A., Pal'shin, V., Frail, D. A., Cameron, P. B., ...
We present observations of the unusually bright and long γ-ray burst GRB 050820A, one of the best sampled broadband data sets in the Swift era. The γ-ray light curve is marked by a soft precursor...
The short-hard GRB 051103: Observations and implications for its nature (2006)
Ofek, E. O., Kulkarni, S. R., Nakar, E., Cenko, S. B., Cameron, P. B., Frail, D. A., ...
The bright short-hard GRB 051103 was triangulated by the inter-planetary network and found to occur in the direction of the nearby M81/M82 galaxy group. Given its possible local-Universe nature, we...
Cenko, S. B., Kasliwal, M., Harrison, F. A., Pal'shin, V., Frail, D. A., Cameron, P. B., ...
We present observations of the unusually bright and long gamma-ray burst GRB 050820A, one of the best-sampled broadband data sets in the Swift era. The gamma-ray light curve is marked by a soft...
Soderberg, A. M., Nakar, E., Cenko, S. B., Cameron, P. B., Frail, D. A., Kulkarni, S. R., ...
We present detailed optical, near-infrared, and radio observations of the X-ray flash 050416a obtained with Palomar and Siding Springs Observatories as well as HST and the VLA, placing this event...
A Time Delay for the Largest Gravitationally Lensed Quasar: SDSS J1004+4112 (2006)
Fohlmeister, J., Kochanek, C. S., Falco, E. E., Wambsganss, J., Morgan, N., Morgan, C. W., ...
We present 426 epochs of optical monitoring data spanning 1000 days from December 2003 to June 2006 for the gravitationally lensed quasar SDSS J1004+4112. The time delay between the A and B images is...
Physics of the GRB 030328 afterglow and its environment (2006)
Maiorano, E., Masetti, N., Palazzi, E., Savaglio, S., Rol, E., Vreeswijk, P. M., ...
We report on the photometric, spectroscopic and polarimetric, monitoring of the optical afterglow of Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) 030328 detected by HETE-2. Photometry, collected at 7 different telescopes,...
Potential Direct Single-Star Mass Measurement (2005)
Ghosh, H., Depoy, D.L., Gal-Yam, A., Gaudi, B.S., Gould, A., Han, C., ...
We analyze the lightcurve of the microlensing event OGLE-2003-BLG-175/MOA-2003-BLG-45 and show that it has two properties that, when combined with future high resolution astrometry, could lead to a...
OGLE-2003-BLG-238: Microlensing Mass Estimate of an Isolated Star (2005)
Jiang, Guangfei, DePoy, D. L., Gal-Yam, A., Gaudi, B. S., Gould, A., Han, C., ...
Microlensing is the only known direct method to measure the masses of stars that lack visible companions. In terms of microlensing observables, the mass is given by M=(c^2/4G)\\tilde r_E \\theta_E...
Determination of stellar shape in microlensing event MOA 2002-BLG-33 (2005)
Rattenbury, N. J., Abe, F., Bennett, D. P., Bond, I. A., Calitz, J. J., Claret, A., ...
We report a measurement of the shape of the source star in microlensing event MOA 2002-BLG-33. The lens for this event was a close binary whose centre-of-mass passed almost directly in front of the...
Determination of stellar shape in microlensing event MOA 2002-BLG-33 (2005)
Rattenbury, N.J., Abe, F., Bennett, D.P., Bond, I.A., Calitz, J.J., Claret, A., ...
We report a measurement of the shape of the source star in microlensing event MOA 2002-BLG-33. The lens for this event was a close binary whose centre-of-mass passed almost directly in front of the...
Determination of stellar shape in microlensing event MOA 2002-BLG-33 (2005)
Rattenbury, N.J., Abe, F., Bennett, D.P., Bond, I.A., Calitz, J.J., Claret, A., ...
We report a measurement of the shape of the source star in microlensing event MOA 2002-BLG-33. The lens for this event was a close binary whose centre-of-mass passed almost directly in front of the...
Search for Low-Mass Exoplanets by Gravitational Microlensing at High Magnification (2004)
Abe, F., Bennett, D. P., Bond, I. A., Eguchi, S., Furuta, Y., Hearnshaw, J. B., ...
Observations of the gravitational microlensing event MOA 2003-BLG-32/OGLE 2003-BLG-219 are presented for which the peak magnification was over 500, the highest yet reported. Continuous observations...
The Progenitor of the Type II-P SN 2004dj in NGC 2403 (2004)
Maíz-Apellániz, J., Bond, H. E., Siegel, M. H., Lipkin, Y., Maoz, D., Ofek, E. O., ...
The Type II-P supernova 2004dj in the nearby galaxy NGC 2403 occurred at a position coincident with object 96 in the list of luminous stars and clusters in this galaxy published by Sandage in 1984....
OGLE-2003-BLG-238: Microlensing Mass Estimate of an Isolated Star (2004)
Jiang, Guangfei, DePoy, D. L., Gal-Yam, A., Gaudi, B. S., Gould, A., Han, C., ...
Microlensing is the only known direct method to measure the masses of stars that lack visible companions. In terms of microlensing observables, the mass is given by M=(c^2/4G)\tilde r_E \theta_E and...
Yoo, Jaiyul, DePoy, D. L., Gal-Yam, A., Gaudi, B. S., Gould, A., Han, C., ...
We develop a new method of modeling microlensing events based on a Monte Carlo simulation that incorporates both a Galactic model and the constraints imposed by the observed characteristics of the...
Potential Direct Single-Star Mass Measurement (2004)
Ghosh, H., Depoy, D.L., Gal-Yam, A., Gaudi, B.S., Gould, A., Han, C., ...
We analyze the lightcurve of the microlensing event OGLE-2003-BLG-175/MOA-2003-BLG-45 and show that it has two properties that, when combined with future high resolution astrometry, could lead to a...
OGLE-2003-BLG-238: Microlensing Mass Estimate of an Isolated Star (2004)
Jiang, Guangfei, DePoy, D. L., Gal-Yam, A., Gaudi, B. S., Gould, A., Han, C., ...
Microlensing is the only known direct method to measure the masses of stars that lack visible companions. In terms of microlensing observables, the mass is given by M=(c^2/4G)\\tilde r_E \\theta_E...
Potential Direct Single-Star Mass Measurement (2004)
Ghosh, H., Depoy, D.L., Gal-Yam, A., Gaudi, B.S., Gould, A., Han, C., ...
We analyze the lightcurve of the microlensing event OGLE-2003-BLG-175/MOA-2003-BLG-45 and show that it has two properties that, when combined with future high resolution astrometry, could lead to a...
OGLE-2003-BLG-238: Microlensing Mass Estimate of an Isolated Star (2004)
Jiang, Guangfei, DePoy, D. L., Gal-Yam, A., Gaudi, B. S., Gould, A., Han, C., ...
Microlensing is the only known direct method to measure the masses of stars that lack visible companions. In terms of microlensing observables, the mass is given by M=(c^2/4G)\\tilde r_E \\theta_E...
The detailed optical light curve of GRB 030329 (2003)
Lipkin, Y. M., Ofek, E. O., Gal-Yam, A., Leibowitz, E. M., Poznanski, D., Kaspi, S., ...
(Abridged) We present densely sampled BVRI light curves of the optical transient associated with the gamma-ray burst GRB 030329, the result of a coordinated observing campaign conducted at five...
Probing the atmosphere of a solar-like star by galactic microlensing at high magnification (2003)
Abe, F., Bennett, D. P., Bond, I. A., Calitz, J. J., Claret, A., Cook, K. H., ...
We report a measurement of limb darkening of a solar-like star in the very high magnification microlensing event MOA 2002-BLG-33. A 15 hour deviation from the light curve profile expected for a...
OGLE-2003-BLG-262: Finite-Source Effects from a Point-Mass Lens (2003)
Yoo, Jaiyul, DePoy, D. L., Gal-Yam, A., Gaudi, B. S., Gould, A., Han, C., ...
We analyze OGLE-2003-BLG-262, a relatively short, t_E=12.5+-0.1day, microlensing event generated by a point-mass lens transiting the face of a K giant source in the Galactic bulge. We use the...
A Survey for Large Separation Lensed FIRST Quasars (2001)
Ofek, E. O., Maoz, D., Prada, F., Kolatt, T.
Little is known about the statistics of gravitationally lensed quasars at large (7''-30'') image separations, which probe masses on the scale of galaxy clusters. We have carried out a survey for...
Spectral Energy Distributions and Light Curves of GRB 990123 and its Afterglow (1999)
Galama, T. J., Briggs, M. S., Vreeswijk, P. M., Rol, E., Band, D., ...
Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are thought to result from the interaction of an extremely relativistic outflow interacting with a small amount of material surrounding the site of the explosion....
Permanent Superhumps in V1974 Cyg (1996)
Retter, A., Leibowitz, E. M., Ofek, E. O.
We present results of 32 nights of CCD photometry of V1974 Cygni, from the years 1994 and 1995. We verify the presence of two distinct periodicities in the light curve: 0.0812585 day~1.95 hours and...