The goal of this contract is to develop a method for the production of antibodies against several selected mycotoxins and dinoflagellate phytotoxins and subsequently to develop a radioimmunoassay...
During the second year (August 1, 1982 to July 31, 1983), conditions for improving antibody production against T-2 toxin were studied. T-2 HS-BSA which has 10-15 moles of T-2 per mole of BSA was...
Methods for the production of antibodies in rabbits against diacetoxysirpenol (DAS), deoxyverrucarol (DOVE), acetyl-deoxynivalenol (Ac-DON) and T-2 toxin metabolities including were developed. A...
Cary, J W, Wright, M, Bhatnagar, D, Lee, R, Chu, F S
An Aspergillus parasiticus cDNA library was screened with monoclonal antibody raised against a purified A. parasiticus 43-kDa protein demonstrating norsolorinic acid reductase (NOR) activity. One...
Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in field samples from the 1992 Wisconsin corn crop.
Park, J J, Smalley, E B, Chu, F S
Analysis of 98 moldy corn samples collected in Wisconsin between November 1992 and January 1993 for Fusarium toxins by various immunochemical assays revealed overall average mycotoxin concentrations...
Analysis of mechanisms regulating expression of the ver-1 gene, involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis.
Liang, S H, Wu, T S, Lee, R, Chu, F S, Linz, J E
Previous studies have shown that ver-1A encodes an enzyme which is directly involved in the conversion of versicolorin A to demethylsterigmatocystin during aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis in the...
Production of antibody against ochratoxin A.
Chu, F S, Chang, F C, Hinsdill, R D
Antibody against ochratoxin A was obtained after repeated injection of different protein-ochratoxin A conjugates to rabbits. Among many protein-ochratoxin conjugates tested, bovine serum...
Production of [14C]patulin by Penicillium patulum.
Factors affecting the production of [14C]patulin from [1-14C]acetate by replacement cultures of Penicillium patulum have been investigated. Incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into patulin reached a...
Production of antibody against aflatoxin B1.
Antibody against aflatoxin B1 was obtained after one multiple-site injection of bovine serum albumin-aflatoxin B1 conjugate into rabbits. The antibody has greatest binding efficiency for aflatoxin...
Yu, J, Cary, J W, Bhatnagar, D, Cleveland, T E, Keller, N P, Chu, F S
Aflatoxins are polyketide-derived secondary metabolites produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Among the catalytic steps in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway, the...
Production and characterization of antibodies against nivalenol tetraacetate.
Antibody against nivalenol tetraacetate (tetra-Ac-NIV) was prepared by immunization of rabbits with triacetyl-15-pimelate-NIV conjugated to bovine serum albumin. By using tritiated tetra-Ac-NIV as...
Stability of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A in Brewing
Chu, F. S., Chang, C. C., Ashoor, Samy H., Prentice, N.
The stability of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in brewing was investigated by adding the purified toxins to the raw materials at 1 and 10 μg/g levels during mashing in a conventional micro-brewing...
Molecular cloning of genes related to aflatoxin biosynthesis by differential screening.
Feng, G H, Chu, F S, Leonard, T J
A differential hybridization strategy was used to clone genes associated with aflatoxin biosynthesis. A genomic library, formed between nuclear DNA and the pUC19 plasmid, was screened with three...
A total of 31 corn samples collected from households in the counties of Cixian and Linxian of the People's Republic of China, where high incidences of esophageal cancer have been reported, were...
Production and characterization of antibodies against microcystins.
Chu, F S, Huang, X, Wei, R D, Carmichael, W W
Antibodies against a microcystin (MCYST) leucine-arginine variant (MCYST-LR) were demonstrated 4 weeks after immunization of rabbits with either MCYST-LR-polylysine- or...
Production and characterization of antibodies against HT-2 toxin and T-2 tetraol tetraacetate.
Fan, T S, Zhang, G S, Chu, F S
Three new immunogens which were prepared by conjugation of the carboxymethyl oxime (CMO) derivatives of HT-2 toxin, T-2 tetraol (T-2 4ol), and T-2 tetraol tetraacetate (T-2 4Ac) to bovine serum...
Fan, T S, Schubring, S L, Wei, R D, Chu, F S
A monoclonal antibody cross-reactive with most group A trichothecenes was produced by fusion of P3/NS-1/1-AG4-1 myeloma cells with spleen cells isolated from a BALB/c mouse that had been immunized...
Modification of in vitro metabolism of T-2 toxin by esterase inhibitors.
In vitro metabolism of T-2 toxin with S-9 fraction obtained from livers of phenobarbital-treated pigs and rats in the presence of different esterase inhibitors, including NaF,...
Improved method for production of antibodies against T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol in rabbits.
Zhang, G S, Schubring, S L, Chu, F S
A new, improved approach for the production of antibodies against T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) was developed. The method involves the use of immunogens which were prepared by conjugating...
The effects in the chicken embryo assay of four Alternaria metabolites (alternariol [AOH], alternariol methyl ether [AME], altenuene [ALT], and tenuazonic acid [TA]) were investigated. Administered...
Aflatoxin B1 dihydrodiol antibody: production and specificity.
A specific antibody for 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxyaflatoxin B1 (AFB1-diol) was prepared, and its reactivity was characterized for the major aflatoxin (AF) B1 (AFB1) metabolites. Reductive alkylation...
Production and characterization of antibody against aflatoxin Q1.
Fan, T S, Zhang, G S, Chu, F S
Antibodies against aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1) were obtained from rabbits after immunization of either AFQ1-hemisuccinate or AFQ2a conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Both radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked...
Purification and partial characterization of Flavotoxin A.
Hu, W J, Zhang, G S, Chu, F S, Meng, H D, Meng, Z H
A heat-resistant, low-molecular-weight toxin was isolated from semisolid potato dextrose agar medium after inoculation with Flavobacterium farinofermentans sp. nov., which was isolated from fermented...
Production and characterization of antibody against diacetoxyscirpenol.
Chu, F S, Liang, M Y, Zhang, G S
Antibodies against diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) were obtained from rabbits after immunizing them with hemisuccinate or hemiglutarate derivatives of DAS conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA)....
Production and characterization of antibody against deoxyverrucarol.
Chu, F S, Zhang, G S, Williams, M D, Jarvis, B B
Immunization of rabbits with deoxyverrucarol (DOVE) conjugated to bovine serum albumin resulted in antibodies bound with either tritiated DOVE or diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), but not with T-2 toxin. The...
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against aflatoxin M1.
Woychik, N A, Hinsdill, R D, Chu, F S
By using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, four monoclonal antibodies were selected after fusion of mouse P3-NS1-Ag4-1 myeloma cells with spleen cells isolated from BALB/c mice that had...
Reactivity of aflatoxin B2a antibody with aflatoxin B1-modified DNA and related metabolites.
Pestka, J J, Li, Y K, Chu, F S
Aflatoxin B2a (AFB2a) antiserum has been previously used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitation of AFB1 and AFB2a. The present investigation examined the reactivity of...
Detection of T-2 toxin by an improved radioimmunoassay.
Fontelo, P A, Beheler, J, Bunner, D L, Chu, F S
T-2 toxin in serum, urine, and saline was analyzed by a modified radioimmunoassay procedure. The specimens were added directly to the assay tubes without extraction steps. The reaction between...
Production of antibody against T-2 toxin.
Chu, F S, Grossman, S, Wei, R D, Mirocha, C J
Antibody against T-2 toxin was obtained after immunization of rabbits with bovine serum albumin-T-2 hemisuccinate conjugate. The antibody had greatest binding efficiency for T-2 toxin, less...
Production and characterization of aflatoxin B2a antiserum.
Gaur, P K, Lau, H P, Pestka, J J, Chu, F S
The specificity and sensitivity of antiserum elicited from rabbits against aflatoxin B2a-bovine serum albumin conjugates were characterized with a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and an enzyme-linked...
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Ochratoxin A
Pestka, J. J., Steinert, B. W., Chu, F. S.
A simple microtest plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of ochratoxin A at levels as low as 25 pg per assay. The relative cross-reactivities of the antibody in this...
Comparison of antibody production against aflatoxin B1 in goats and rabbits.
Gaur, P K, El-Nakib, O, Chu, F S
Antibody production against aflatoxin B1 was compared in three rabbits and one goat. Titers obtained were 20 times higher in the rabbits than in the goat. The goat antiserum appeared to have a higher...
Quantitation of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin B1 antibody by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent microassay.
Pestka, J J, Gaur, P K, Chu, F S
A specific microtest plate enzyme immunoassay has been developed for the rapid quantitation of aflatoxin B1 at levels as low as 25 pg per assay. Multiple-site injection of rabbits with an aflatoxin...
Fate of ochratoxin A in brewing.
Nip, W K, Chang, F C, Chu, F S, Prentice, N
The fate of ochratoxin A in brewing was investigated by adding (3H)ochratoxin A to the raw materials at 1- and 10-mug/g levels during mashing in a conventional microbrewing process. The results...
Assessing potential health risks from microcystin toxins in blue-green algae dietary supplements.
Gilroy, D J, Kauffman, K W, Hall, R A, Huang, X, Chu, F S
The presence of blue-green algae (BGA) toxins in surface waters used for drinking water sources and recreation is receiving increasing attention around the world as a public health concern. However,...
Cary, J W, Wright, M, Bhatnagar, D, Lee, R, Chu, F S
An Aspergillus parasiticus cDNA library was screened with monoclonal antibody raised against a purified A. parasiticus 43-kDa protein demonstrating norsolorinic acid reductase (NOR) activity. One...
Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in field samples from the 1992 Wisconsin corn crop.
Park, J J, Smalley, E B, Chu, F S
Analysis of 98 moldy corn samples collected in Wisconsin between November 1992 and January 1993 for Fusarium toxins by various immunochemical assays revealed overall average mycotoxin concentrations...
Analysis of mechanisms regulating expression of the ver-1 gene, involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis.
Liang, S H, Wu, T S, Lee, R, Chu, F S, Linz, J E
Previous studies have shown that ver-1A encodes an enzyme which is directly involved in the conversion of versicolorin A to demethylsterigmatocystin during aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis in the...
Production of antibody against ochratoxin A.
Chu, F S, Chang, F C, Hinsdill, R D
Antibody against ochratoxin A was obtained after repeated injection of different protein-ochratoxin A conjugates to rabbits. Among many protein-ochratoxin conjugates tested, bovine serum...
Production of [14C]patulin by Penicillium patulum.
Factors affecting the production of [14C]patulin from [1-14C]acetate by replacement cultures of Penicillium patulum have been investigated. Incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into patulin reached a...
Production of antibody against aflatoxin B1.
Antibody against aflatoxin B1 was obtained after one multiple-site injection of bovine serum albumin-aflatoxin B1 conjugate into rabbits. The antibody has greatest binding efficiency for aflatoxin...
Yu, J, Cary, J W, Bhatnagar, D, Cleveland, T E, Keller, N P, Chu, F S
Aflatoxins are polyketide-derived secondary metabolites produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Among the catalytic steps in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway, the...
Production and characterization of antibodies against nivalenol tetraacetate.
Antibody against nivalenol tetraacetate (tetra-Ac-NIV) was prepared by immunization of rabbits with triacetyl-15-pimelate-NIV conjugated to bovine serum albumin. By using tritiated tetra-Ac-NIV as...
Stability of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A in Brewing
Chu, F. S., Chang, C. C., Ashoor, Samy H., Prentice, N.
The stability of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A in brewing was investigated by adding the purified toxins to the raw materials at 1 and 10 μg/g levels during mashing in a conventional micro-brewing...
Molecular cloning of genes related to aflatoxin biosynthesis by differential screening.
Feng, G H, Chu, F S, Leonard, T J
A differential hybridization strategy was used to clone genes associated with aflatoxin biosynthesis. A genomic library, formed between nuclear DNA and the pUC19 plasmid, was screened with three...
A total of 31 corn samples collected from households in the counties of Cixian and Linxian of the People's Republic of China, where high incidences of esophageal cancer have been reported, were...
Production and characterization of antibodies against microcystins.
Chu, F S, Huang, X, Wei, R D, Carmichael, W W
Antibodies against a microcystin (MCYST) leucine-arginine variant (MCYST-LR) were demonstrated 4 weeks after immunization of rabbits with either MCYST-LR-polylysine- or...
Production and characterization of antibodies against HT-2 toxin and T-2 tetraol tetraacetate.
Fan, T S, Zhang, G S, Chu, F S
Three new immunogens which were prepared by conjugation of the carboxymethyl oxime (CMO) derivatives of HT-2 toxin, T-2 tetraol (T-2 4ol), and T-2 tetraol tetraacetate (T-2 4Ac) to bovine serum...
Fan, T S, Schubring, S L, Wei, R D, Chu, F S
A monoclonal antibody cross-reactive with most group A trichothecenes was produced by fusion of P3/NS-1/1-AG4-1 myeloma cells with spleen cells isolated from a BALB/c mouse that had been immunized...
Modification of in vitro metabolism of T-2 toxin by esterase inhibitors.
In vitro metabolism of T-2 toxin with S-9 fraction obtained from livers of phenobarbital-treated pigs and rats in the presence of different esterase inhibitors, including NaF,...
Improved method for production of antibodies against T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol in rabbits.
Zhang, G S, Schubring, S L, Chu, F S
A new, improved approach for the production of antibodies against T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) was developed. The method involves the use of immunogens which were prepared by conjugating...
The effects in the chicken embryo assay of four Alternaria metabolites (alternariol [AOH], alternariol methyl ether [AME], altenuene [ALT], and tenuazonic acid [TA]) were investigated. Administered...
Aflatoxin B1 dihydrodiol antibody: production and specificity.
A specific antibody for 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxyaflatoxin B1 (AFB1-diol) was prepared, and its reactivity was characterized for the major aflatoxin (AF) B1 (AFB1) metabolites. Reductive alkylation...
Production and characterization of antibody against aflatoxin Q1.
Fan, T S, Zhang, G S, Chu, F S
Antibodies against aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1) were obtained from rabbits after immunization of either AFQ1-hemisuccinate or AFQ2a conjugated to bovine serum albumin. Both radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked...
Purification and partial characterization of Flavotoxin A.
Hu, W J, Zhang, G S, Chu, F S, Meng, H D, Meng, Z H
A heat-resistant, low-molecular-weight toxin was isolated from semisolid potato dextrose agar medium after inoculation with Flavobacterium farinofermentans sp. nov., which was isolated from fermented...
Production and characterization of antibody against diacetoxyscirpenol.
Chu, F S, Liang, M Y, Zhang, G S
Antibodies against diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) were obtained from rabbits after immunizing them with hemisuccinate or hemiglutarate derivatives of DAS conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA)....
Production and characterization of antibody against deoxyverrucarol.
Chu, F S, Zhang, G S, Williams, M D, Jarvis, B B
Immunization of rabbits with deoxyverrucarol (DOVE) conjugated to bovine serum albumin resulted in antibodies bound with either tritiated DOVE or diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), but not with T-2 toxin. The...
Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against aflatoxin M1.
Woychik, N A, Hinsdill, R D, Chu, F S
By using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, four monoclonal antibodies were selected after fusion of mouse P3-NS1-Ag4-1 myeloma cells with spleen cells isolated from BALB/c mice that had...
Reactivity of aflatoxin B2a antibody with aflatoxin B1-modified DNA and related metabolites.
Pestka, J J, Li, Y K, Chu, F S
Aflatoxin B2a (AFB2a) antiserum has been previously used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the quantitation of AFB1 and AFB2a. The present investigation examined the reactivity of...
Detection of T-2 toxin by an improved radioimmunoassay.
Fontelo, P A, Beheler, J, Bunner, D L, Chu, F S
T-2 toxin in serum, urine, and saline was analyzed by a modified radioimmunoassay procedure. The specimens were added directly to the assay tubes without extraction steps. The reaction between...
Production of antibody against T-2 toxin.
Chu, F S, Grossman, S, Wei, R D, Mirocha, C J
Antibody against T-2 toxin was obtained after immunization of rabbits with bovine serum albumin-T-2 hemisuccinate conjugate. The antibody had greatest binding efficiency for T-2 toxin, less...
Production and characterization of aflatoxin B2a antiserum.
Gaur, P K, Lau, H P, Pestka, J J, Chu, F S
The specificity and sensitivity of antiserum elicited from rabbits against aflatoxin B2a-bovine serum albumin conjugates were characterized with a radioimmunoassay (RIA) and an enzyme-linked...
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Ochratoxin A
Pestka, J. J., Steinert, B. W., Chu, F. S.
A simple microtest plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for the detection of ochratoxin A at levels as low as 25 pg per assay. The relative cross-reactivities of the antibody in this...
Comparison of antibody production against aflatoxin B1 in goats and rabbits.
Gaur, P K, El-Nakib, O, Chu, F S
Antibody production against aflatoxin B1 was compared in three rabbits and one goat. Titers obtained were 20 times higher in the rabbits than in the goat. The goat antiserum appeared to have a higher...
Quantitation of aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin B1 antibody by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent microassay.
Pestka, J J, Gaur, P K, Chu, F S
A specific microtest plate enzyme immunoassay has been developed for the rapid quantitation of aflatoxin B1 at levels as low as 25 pg per assay. Multiple-site injection of rabbits with an aflatoxin...
Fate of ochratoxin A in brewing.
Nip, W K, Chang, F C, Chu, F S, Prentice, N
The fate of ochratoxin A in brewing was investigated by adding (3H)ochratoxin A to the raw materials at 1- and 10-mug/g levels during mashing in a conventional microbrewing process. The results...
Assessing potential health risks from microcystin toxins in blue-green algae dietary supplements.
Gilroy, D J, Kauffman, K W, Hall, R A, Huang, X, Chu, F S
The presence of blue-green algae (BGA) toxins in surface waters used for drinking water sources and recreation is receiving increasing attention around the world as a public health concern. However,...