Kalina Bontcheva, Christopher Brewster, Fabio Ciravegna, Hamish Cunningham, Louise Guthrie, Robert Gaizauskas, ...
AKT is a major research project applying a variety of technologies to knowledge management. Knowledge is a dynamic, ubiquitous resource, which is to be found equally in an expert's head, under...
Exploring Multimedia in a Keyword Space (2009)
João Magalhães, Fabio Ciravegna, Stefan Rüger
We address the problem of searching multimedia by semantic similarity in a keyword space. In contrast to previous research we represent multimedia content by a vector of keywords instead of a vector...
Exploring Multimedia in a Keyword Space (2009)
João Magalhães, Fabio Ciravegna, Stefan Rüger
We address the problem of searching multimedia by semantic similarity in a keyword space. In contrast to previous research we represent multimedia content by a vector of keywords instead of a vector...
Doris: Managing Document-based Knowledge in Large Organisations via Semantic Web Technologies (2009)
Ravish Bhagdev, Jonathan Butters, Ajay Chakravarthy, Sam Chapman, Aba-sah Dadzie, Mark A. Greenwood, ...
Abstract. The acquisition, sharing and reuse of knowledge is a prime challenge in large organisations. Doris is a framework for defining Knowledge Management applications based on Semantic Web...
Disambiguating Identity through Social Circles and Social Data (2009)
Abstract: This paper presents an approach to disambiguate extracted identity information relating to different individuals through the use of social circles. Social circles are generated through the...
Getting to Me – Exporting Semantic Social Network Information from Facebook (2009)
Abstract: Information sharing forms a large component of the Social Web as web users become citizens within the web sphere. Within ‘walled garden’ services they interact socially with their peers...
Annotating document content: a knowledgemanagement (2008)
Fabio Ciravegna, Daniela Petrelli
perspective
Multi-Layer Active Documents for the Semantic Web (2008)
Vitaveska Lanfranchi, Fabio Ciravegna
Users ’ disorientation and cognitive overload are well known phenomena intrinsic to the idea of hypertext and studied since the early days [2]. The Semantic Web (SWeb in the following) with its...
Multi-Layer Active Documents for the Semantic Web (2008)
Vitaveska Lanfranchi, Fabio Ciravegna
Users ’ disorientation and cognitive overload are well known phenomena intrinsic to the idea of hypertext and studied since the early days [3]. The Semantic Web (SWeb in the following) with its...
Semantic Enrichment of Multimedia Document (2008)
Ajay Chakravarthy, Vitaveska Lanfranchi, Daniela Petrelli, Fabio Ciravegna
Nowadays a large and growing amount of information is stored in various multimedia formats, such as images, video, audio.. While much research has been undertaken into the efficient storage, access,...
José Iria, Sam Chapman, Fabio Ciravegna
A large effort behind the Semantic Web is to mark up web documents so that knowledge, rather than unstructured data, can be accessed and managed in an automatic way. Marking up web documents is not...
EC project officer Kimmo Rossi (2008)
Fabio Ciravegna, Claudio Giuliano, Alberto Lavelli, Lorenza Romano, Mark Stevenson
This deliverable defines the evaluation strategies for the Information Extraction tools that are under development within the Dot.Kom project. Version 1 Number of pages 11
Fabio Ciravegna: Understanding Messages in a Diagnostic Domain (2008)
Abstract- The problem of coping with subject-matter sublanguages in text processing is well known in the natural language processing field. The main problem is to balance the use of generic knowledge...
A Methodology and Tool for Representing Language Resources for Information Extraction (2008)
In recent years there has been a growing interest in clarifying the process of Information Extraction (IE) from documents, particularly when coupled with Machine Learning. We believe that a...
by Rule Induction and Generalisation (2008)
(LP) 2 is a covering algorithm for adaptive Information Extraction from text (IE). It induces symbolic rules that insert SGML tags into texts by learning from examples found in a userdefined tagged...
Extracting and Searching Knowledge for the Aerospace Industry (2008)
Vitaveska Lanfranchi, Ravish Bhagdev, Sam Chapman, Fabio Ciravegna, Daniela Petrelli
A fundamental shift is occurring in many industries away from the selling of products (e.g. cars) to the provision of services (e.g. transport, car leasing). Essential to the long-term success of...
Nowadays, most knowledge is stored in an unstructured textual format. We can’t query it in simple ways, thus automatic systems can’t use the contained knowledge and humans can’t easily manage...
Orchestration of Semantic Web Services for Large-Scale Document Annotation (2008)
Barry Norton, Sam Chapman, Fabio Ciravegna
Abstract. Armadillo is a tool that provides automatic annotation for the Semantic Web using unannotated resources like the existing Web for information harvesting, that is: combining a crawling...
Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (2008)
Language is the most natural way of communication for humans. The vast major-ity of information is stored or passed in natural language (for example, in textual format or in dialogues). Natural...
José Iria, Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli, Enrico Motta, Luca Gilardoni, Eddie Moench
Abstract. Ontology-based approaches to Knowledge Management promise better access to relevant knowledge by providing a domain-specific vocabulary that is used for describing the contents of knowledge...
José Iria, Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli, Enrico Motta, Luca Gilardoni, Eddie Moench
Abstract. Ontology-based approaches to Knowledge Management promise better access to relevant knowledge by providing a domain-specific vocabulary that is used for describing the contents of knowledge...
Building Semantic Intranets: What is Needed in the Annotation Toolbox? (2008)
Walton Hall, Victoria Uren, José Iria, Siegfried H, Maria Vargas-vera, Enrico Motta, ...
While much of a company's explicit knowledge can be found in text repositories, current content management systems only provide limited capabilities for structuring and making sense of...
Armadillo: Integrating Knowledge for the Semantic Web (2008)
Sam Chapman Barry, Barry Norton, Fabio Ciravegna
this paper we describe the Armadillo approach to automatic annotation and detail the methods employed internally for integrating and ensuring consistency of elicited knowledge. Armadillo is a tool...
Organization Workshop Organizers (2008)
Stephan Bloehdorn, Marko Grobelnik, Peter Mika, Thanh Tran Duc, Bettina Berendt, Paul Buitelaar, ...
International Workshop located at the
On Parsing Control For Efficient Text Analysis (2007)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli
this paper we propose a control strategy for reducing the inefficiency of a broad coverage parser. It uses scores coming from extra-linguistic criteria, e.g text segmentation information,...
Controlling a Bottom-Up Parser through Text Chunking (2007)
This paper proposes using the notion of chunks for controlling standard bottom-up parsers as well. As is well known, bottom-up parsers produce many constituents not contributing to the correct final...
Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli
This paper proposes an approach to full parsing suitable for Information Extrac-tion from texts. Sequences of cascades of rules deterministically analyze the text, building unambiguous structures....
MnM: Ontology-Driven Tool for Semantic Markup (2007)
Abstract. An important precondition for realising the goal of a semantic web is the ability to annotate web resources with semantic information. In order to carry out this task, users need...
Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge Management: Position Paper (2007)
Christopher Brewster Fabio, Fabio Ciravegna, Yorick Wilks
this paper, we propose a set of techniques to largely automate the process of KA, by using technologies based on Information Extraction (IE), Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing. We...
ABSTRACT Requirements for Information Extraction for Knowledge Management (2007)
Fabio Ciravegna, John Domingue, Siegfried H, Alberto Lavelli, Steffen Staab, Mark Stevenson
Knowledge Management (KM) systems inherently suffer from the knowledge acquisition bottleneck- the difficulty of modeling and formalizing knowledge relevant for specific domains. A potential solution...
S-CREAM — Semi-automatic CREAtion of (2007)
Siegfried H, Steffen Staab, Fabio Ciravegna
Abstract. Richly interlinked, machine-understandable data constitute the basis for the Semantic Web. We provide a framework, S-CREAM, that allows for creation of metadata and is trainable for a...
Image annotation with photocopain (2006)
Mischa M. Tuffield, Stephen Harris, Christopher Brewster, Nicholas Gibbins, Fabio Ciravegna, Derek Sleeman, ...
Abstract. Photo annotation is a resource-intensive task, yet is increasingly essential as image archives and personal photo collections grow in size. There is an inherent conflict in the process of...
Image annotation with photocopain (2006)
Mischa M. Tuffield, Stephen Harris, Christopher Brewster, Nicholas Gibbins, Fabio Ciravegna, Derek Sleeman, ...
Abstract. Photo annotation is a resource-intensive task, yet is increasingly essential as image archives and personal photo collections grow in size. There is an inherent conflict in the process of...
Cross-Media document annotation and enrichment (2006)
Ajay Chakravarthy, Fabio Ciravegna, Vitaveska Lanfranchi
Nowadays a large and growing amount of information is stored in various multimedia formats, such as images, video, audio. Much research has been undertaken into the efficient and effective storage,...
Y.: An Incremental Tri-partite Approach to Ontology Learning (2006)
José Iria, Christopher Brewster, Fabio Ciravegna, Yorick Wilks
In this paper we present a new approach to ontology learning. Its basis lies in a dynamic and iterative view of knowledge acquisition for ontologies. The Abraxas approach is founded on three...
José Iria, Neil Ireson, Fabio Ciravegna
This paper investigates the incorporation of diverse features in boundary classification algorithms for IE using SVM. Our study reveals that the use of rich data resources greatly contributes to the...
V.: Cross-media document annotation and enrichment (2006)
Ajay Chakravarthy, Fabio Ciravegna, Vitaveska Lanfranchi
Annotation of documents is a complex and labour intensive task. So far, research has focused on supporting the annotation of documents in single media, e.g. texts or images. Much less attention has...
Matthew Rowe, Supervisor Prof, Fabio Ciravegna
All sentences or passages quoted in this dissertation from other people's work have been specifically acknowledged by clear cross-referencing to author, work and page(s). Any illustrations which...
Pascal Challenge The Evaluation of Machine Learning for Information Extraction (2005)
If the Semantic Web is to utilise the vast number
Evaluating machine learning for information extraction (2005)
Neil Ireson, Fabio Ciravegna, Mary Elaine Califf, Dayne Freitag, Nicholas Kushmerick, Alberto Lavelli
Comparative evaluation of Machine Learning (ML) systems used for Information Extraction (IE) has suffered from various inconsistencies in experimental procedures. This paper reports on the results of...
F.: Working Out a Common Task: Design and Evaluation of User-Intelligent System Collaboration (2005)
Vitaveska Lanfranchi, Daniela Petrelli, Fabio Ciravegna
Abstract. This paper describes the design and user evaluation of an intelligent user interface intended to mediate between users and an Adaptive Information Extraction (AIE) system. The design goal...
Semantic Web-based document: editing and browsing in AktiveDoc (2005)
Vitaveska Lanfranchi, Fabio Ciravegna, Daniela Petrelli
Abstract. This paper presents a tool for supporting sharing and reuse of knowledge in document creation (writing) and use (reading). Semantic Web technologies are used to support the production of...
Evaluating machine learning for information extraction (2005)
Neil Ireson, Fabio Ciravegna, Mary Elaine Califf, Dayne Freitag, Nicholas Kushmerick, Alberto Lavelli
Comparative evaluation of Machine Learning (ML) systems used for Information Extraction (IE) has suffered from various inconsistencies in experimental procedures. This paper reports on the results of...
Relation Extraction for Mining the Semantic Web (2005)
Abstract. The knowledge acquisition bottleneck problem, well-known to the Knowledge Management community, is turning the weaving of the Semantic Web (SW) into a hard and slow process. Nowadays'...
Evaluating machine learning for information extraction (2005)
Neil Ireson, Fabio Ciravegna, Mary Elaine Califf, Dayne Freitag, Nicholas Kushmerick, Alberto Lavelli
Comparative evaluation of Machine Learning (ML) systems used for Information Extraction (IE) has suffered from various inconsistencies in experimental procedures. This paper reports on the results of...
munication,s m Statistics - Theo*'y and Methods (2004)
Nigel Shadbolt, Fabio Ciravegna, John Domingue, Wendy Hall, Enrico Motta, David Robertson, ...
In a celebrated essay on the new electronic media, Marshall McLuhan wrote in 1962: Our private senses are not closed systems but are endlessly translated into each other in that experience which we...
Developing a Service-Oriented Architecture to Harvest Information for the Semantic Web (2004)
Barry Norton, Sam Chapman, Fabio Ciravegna
Abstract. Armadillo is a tool that provides automatic annotation for the Semantic Web using unannotated resources like the existing Web for information harvesting, that is: combining a crawling...
Learning to Harvest Information for the Semantic Web (2004)
Sam Chapman, Alexiei Dingli, Fabio Ciravegna
Armadillo [1] [2] is an automatic system for producing domainspecific Semantic Web oriented annotation on large repositories. It annotates by extracting information from different sources and...
Armadillo: Harvesting Information for the Semantic Web (2004)
Sam Chapman Alexiei, Sam Chapman, Alexiei Dingli, Fabio Ciravegna
action is shallow for the needs of the Semantic Web: e.g. there is no attempt to automatically discover relations among entities. SemTag can be seen as an extension of a search engine towards...
Learning to Harvest Information for the Semantic Web (2004)
Fabio Ciravegna, Sam Chapman, Alexiei Dingli, Yorick Wilks
In this paper we describe a methodology for harvesting information from large distributed repositories (e.g. large Web sites) with minimum user intervention. The methodology is based on a combination...
munication,s m Statistics - Theo*'y and Methods (2004)
Nigel Shadbolt, Fabio Ciravegna, John Domingue, Wendy Hall, Enrico Motta, David Robertson, ...
In a celebrated essay on the new electronic media, Marshall McLuhan wrote in 1962: Our private senses are not closed systems but are endlessly translated into each other in that experience which we...
Developing a Service-Oriented Architecture to Harvest Information for the Semantic Web (2004)
Barry Norton, Sam Chapman, Fabio Ciravegna
Abstract. Armadillo is a tool that provides automatic annotation for the Semantic Web using unannotated resources like the existing Web for information harvesting, that is: combining a crawling...
Mining Web Sites Using Unsupervised Adaptive Information Extraction (2003)
Alexiei Dingli, Fabio Ciravegna, David Guthrie, Yorick Wilks
Integrating Information to Bootstrap Information Extraction from Web Sites (2003)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alexiei Dingli, David Guthrie, Yorick Wilks
In this paper we propose a methodology to learn to extract domain-specific information from large repositories (e.g. the Web) with minimum user intervention. Learning is seeded by integrating...
Mining web sites using adaptive information extraction (2003)
Alexiei Dingli, Fabio Ciravegna, David Guthrie, Yorick Wilks
Adaptive Information Extraction systems (IES) are currently used by some Semantic Web (SW) annotation tools as support to annotation (Handschuh
Mining web sites using adaptive information extraction (2003)
Alexiei Dingli, Fabio Ciravegna, David Guthrie, Yorick Wilks
Fabio Ciravegna, Alexiei Dingli, Jose Iria, Yorick Wilks
Abstract. The definition of methodologies for automatic ontology-based document annotation is a fundamental step in the Semantic Web vision. In the near future, semantic annotation services could...
MnM: A Tool for Automatic Support on Semantic Markup, KMi (2003)
Maria Vargas-vera, Enrico Motta, John Domingue, Mattia Lanzoni, Arthur Stutt, Fabio Ciravegna
Abstract. An important precondition for realizing the goal of a semantic web is the ability to annotate web re-sources with semantic information. In order to carry out this task, users need...
Background and foreground knowledge in dynamic ontology construction (2003)
Christopher Brewster, Fabio Ciravegna, Yorick Wilks
Ontologies have become a key component in the Semantic Web and Knowledge management. One accepted goal is to construct ontologies from a domain specific set of texts. An ontology reflects the...
LP)2: Rule Induction for Information Extraction Using Linguistic Constraints (2003)
Machine learning has been widely used in information extraction from texts in the last years. Two directions of research can be identified: wrapper induction (WI) and NLP-based methodologies. WI...
Integrating Information to Bootstrap Information Extraction from Web Sites (2003)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alexiei Dingli, David Guthrie, Yorick Wilks
In this paper we propose a methodology to learn to extract domain-specific information from large repositories (e.g. the Web) with minimum user intervention. Learning is seeded by integrating...
Background and foreground knowledge in dynamic ontology construction (2003)
Christopher Brewster, Fabio Ciravegna, Yorick Wilks
Ontologies have become a key component in the Semantic Web and Knowledge management. One accepted goal is to construct ontologies from a domain specific set of texts. An ontology reflects the...
Melita: Active document enrichment using adaptive information extraction from text (2002)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alexiei Dingli, Daniela Petrelli
The traditional process of document annotation for knowledge identification and extraction in the Semantic Web (SW) is complex and time consuming, as it requires manual annotation by domain experts....
User-system cooperation in document annotation based on information extraction (2002)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alexiei Dingli, Daniela Petrelli, Yorick Wilks
Abstract. The process of document annotation for the Semantic Web is complex and time consuming, as it requires a great deal of manual annotation. Information extraction from texts (IE) is a...
User-centred ontology learning for knowledge management (2002)
Christopher Brewster, Fabio Ciravegna, Yorick Wilks
Abstract. Automatic ontology building is a vital issue in many fields where they are currently built manually. This paper presents a user-centred methodology for ontology construction based on the...
Melita: Active document enrichment using adaptive information extraction from text (2002)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alexiei Dingli, Daniela Petrelli
The traditional process of document annotation for knowledge identification and extraction in the Semantic Web (SW) is complex and time consuming, as it requires human manual annotation. There is...
Melita: Active document enrichment using adaptive information extraction from text (2002)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alexiei Dingli, Daniela Petrelli
The traditional process of document annotation for knowledge identification and extraction in the Semantic Web (SW) is complex and time consuming, as it requires human manual annotation. There is...
MnM: Ontology Driven Semi-Automatic and Automatic Support for Semantic Markup (2002)
Maria Vargas-vera, Enrico Motta, John Domingue, Mattia Lanzoni, Fabio Ciravegna
Abstract. An important precondition for realizing the goal of a semantic web is the ability to annotate web resources with semantic information. In order to carry out this task, users need...
Timely and Non-Intrusive Active Document Annotation Via Adaptive Information Extraction (2002)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alexiei Dingli, Daniela Petrelli, Yorick Wilks
The process of document annotation for the Semantic Web is complex and time consuming, as it requires a great deal of manual annotation. Information extraction from texts (IE) is a technology used by...
Timely and Non-Intrusive Active Document Annotation via Adaptive Information Extraction (2002)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alexiei Dingli, Daniela Petrelli, Yorick Wilks
The process of document annotation for the Semantic Web is complex and time consuming, as it requires a great deal of manual annotation. Information extraction from texts (IE) is a technology used by...
MnM: Ontology-Driven Tool for Semantic Markup (2002)
An important precondition for realising the goal of a semantic web is the ability to annotate web resources with semantic information. In order to carry out this task, users need appropriate...
User-System Cooperation in Document Annotation Based on Information Extraction (2002)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alexiei Dingli, Daniela Petrelli, Yorick Wilks
The process of document annotation for the Semantic Web is complex and time consuming, as it requires a great deal of manual annotation. Information extraction from texts (IE) is a technology used by...
User-system cooperation in document annotation based on information extraction (2002)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alexiei Dingli, Daniela Petrelli, Yorick Wilks
Abstract. The process of document annotation for the Semantic Web is complex and time consuming, as it requires a great deal of manual annotation. Information extraction from texts (IE) is a...
Using HLT for Acquiring, Retrieving and Publishing Knowledge (2001)
Kalina Bontcheva, Christopher Brewster, Fabio Ciravegna, Hamish Cunningham, Louise Guthrie, Robert Gaizauskas, ...
AKT is a major research project applying a variety of technologies to knowledge management. Knowledge is a dynamic, ubiquitous resource, which is to be found equally in an expert's head, under...
lp) 2 , an adaptive algorithm for information extraction from web-related texts (2001)
(LP) 2 is an algorithm for adaptive Information Extraction from Web-related text that induces symbolic rules by learning from a corpus tagged with SGML tags. Induction is performed by bottom-up...
lp) 2 , an adaptive algorithm for information extraction from web-related texts (2001)
in Proceedings of the IJCAI-2001 Workshop on Adaptive Text Extraction and Mining to be held in conjunction with
Challenges in Information Extraction from Text for Knowledge Management (2001)
this paper, I will focus on two main challenges for adaptivity in IE for KM that in my opinion are paramount in the current scenario: 1. Automatic adaptation to different text types 2. Human-centred...
Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli
Pinocchio is a toolkit for developing and running Information Extraction applications. New applications and languages can be covered by just writing declarative resources. Information is represented...
Learning to Tag for Information Extraction from Text (2000)
Abstract. LearningPINOCCHIO is an algorithm for adaptive information extraction. It learns template filling rules that insert SGML tags into texts. LearningPINOCCHIO is based on a covering algorithm...
Bringing information extraction out of the labs: the Pinocchio Environment (2000)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli, Giorgio Satta
Abstract. Pinocchio is an environment for developing Information Extraction applications. New applications and languages can be covered by just writing declarative resources. Information is...
Grammar Organization for Cascade-Based Parsing in Information Extraction (2000)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli
this paper we concentrate exclusively on the issues connected with grammar organization. For further details on the adopted formalism, the parsing approach, and some experimental results, see [3].
Automatic Semantic Annotation using Unsupervised Information Extraction and Integration (2000)
Alexiei Dingli, Fabio Ciravegna, Yorick Wilks
In this paper we propose a methodology to learn to automatically annotate domain-specific information from large repositories (e.g. Web sites) with minimum user intervention. The methodology is based...
Full Text Parsing using Cascades of Rules: an Information Extraction Perspective (1999)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli
This paper proposes an approach to full parsing suitable for Information Extraction from texts. Sequences of cascades of rules deterministically analyze the text, building unambiguous structures....
Developing language resources and applications with GEPPETTO (1998)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli, Daniela Petrelli, Fabio Pianesi
In the development of LE applications there are two crucial areas: architectural design and resource development. In this paper we describe the design phase, current status, and future directions of...
The Geppetto Development Environment. Version 2.1. User Manual (1997)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli, Daniela Petrelli, Fabio Pianesi
Italy 1
Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli, Daniela Petrelli, Fabio Pianesi
Current tools for Linguistic Engineering (LE) do not completely fit the requirements for scale development and deployment of real applications. What seems to lack in the available tools is a...
Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli, Daniela Petrelli, Fabio Pianesi
Current tools for Linguistic Engineering (LE) do not completely fit the requirements for scale development and deployment of real applications. What seems to lack in the available tools is a...
Controlling bottom-up chart parser through text chunking (1997)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli
In this paper we propose to use text chunking for controlling a bottom-up parser. As it is well known, during analysis such parsers produce many constituents not contributing to the final...
Efficient Full Parsing for Information Extraction (1997)
Fabio Ciravegna And, Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli, Giorgio Satta
In this paper we propose an efficient deterministic approach to parsing texts for Information Extraction purposes that has been pursued by the natural language research group at ITC/IRST.
Integrating Shallow and Linguistic Techniques for Information Extraction from Text (1995)
Fabio Ciravegna, Nicola Cancedda
. Many experiments have shown that traditional approaches to bothNatural Language Processing (NLP) and Information Retrieval (IR) are not effective enough to extract information from text; as a...
Linguistic Processing of Texts Using GePpeTto (1995)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli, Fabio Pianesi
this paper, we sketch the architecture of the Information Extraction system, then we show how it is possible to build a linguistic analyzer using GePpeTto. Finally, we present the results of some...
Controlling Bidirectional Parsing for Efficient Text Analysis (1995)
Fabio Ciravegna, Alberto Lavelli
Traditional models of parsing as used in interfaces have shown to be weak and ineffective in complex tasks such as processing of naturally-occurring texts. Broad coverage parsers go mad when...
Bernardo Magnini, Fabio Ciravegna, Emanuele Pianta
This paper describes a project that aims to develop a large-size Lexical Knowledge Base (LKB) for the Italian language. The project began because presently there is no LKB available for Italian, on...