Graham Simmons

Longitudinally Profiling Neutralizing Antibody Response to SARS (2008)

Coronavirus Pseudotypes, Nigel J. Temperton, Paul K. Chan, Graham Simmons, Maria C. Zambon, Richard S. Tedder, ...

The severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein (S) is a major target for neutralizing antibodies. Retroviral SARS-CoV S pseudotypes have been constructed and...

Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) Isolates Infect CD4-Negative Cells via CCR5 and CXCR4: Comparison with HIV-1 and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus and Relevance to Cell Tropism In Vivo

Reeves, Jacqueline D., Hibbitts, Sam, Simmons, Graham, McKnight, Áine, Azevedo-Pereira, José M., Moniz-Pereira, José, ...

Cell surface receptors exploited by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) for infection are major determinants of tropism. HIV-1 usually requires two receptors to...

Expanded Tropism of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 R5 Strains to CD4+ T-Cell Lines Determined by the Capacity To Exploit Low Concentrations of CCR5

Dejucq, Nathalie, Simmons, Graham, Clapham, Paul R.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) strains predominantly use the chemokine receptor CCR5, while syncytium-inducing (SI) strains use CXCR4. In vitro, SI isolates...

CXCR4 as a Functional Coreceptor for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Primary Macrophages

Simmons, Graham, Reeves, Jacqueline D., McKnight, Áine, Dejucq, Nathalie, Hibbitts, Sam, Power, Christine A., ...

The coreceptors used by primary syncytium-inducing (SI) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates for infection of primary macrophages were investigated. SI strains using only CXCR4 replicated...

Differential N-Linked Glycosylation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Ebola Virus Envelope Glycoproteins Modulates Interactions with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR

Lin, George, Simmons, Graham, Pöhlmann, Stefan, Baribaud, Frédéric, Ni, Houping, Leslie, George J., ...

The C-type lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR [collectively referred to as DC-SIGN(R)] bind and transmit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus to T cells via the viral...

Ebola Virus Glycoproteins Induce Global Surface Protein Down-Modulation and Loss of Cell Adherence

Simmons, Graham, Wool-Lewis, Rouven J., Baribaud, Frédéric, Netter, Robert C., Bates, Paul

The Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein (GP) derived from the pathogenic Zaire subtype mediates cell rounding and detachment from the extracellular matrix in 293T cells. In this study we provide...

Folate Receptor Alpha and Caveolae Are Not Required for Ebola Virus Glycoprotein-Mediated Viral Infection

Simmons, Graham, Rennekamp, Andrew J., Chai, Ning, Vandenberghe, Luk H., Riley, James L., Bates, Paul

Folate receptor alpha (FRα) has been described as a factor involved in mediating Ebola virus entry into cells (6). Furthermore, it was suggested that interaction with FRα results in internalization...

Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry

Simmons, Graham, Reeves, Jacqueline D., Rennekamp, Andrew J., Amberg, Sean M., Piefer, Andrew J., Bates, Paul

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen with potentially serious consequences for public health. Here we describe conditions that result not...

DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR Interact with the Glycoprotein of Marburg Virus and the S Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

Marzi, Andrea, Gramberg, Thomas, Simmons, Graham, Möller, Peggy, Rennekamp, Andrew J., Krumbiegel, Mandy, ...

The lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR can augment viral infection; however, the range of pathogens interacting with these attachment factors is incompletely defined. Here we show that DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR...

Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry

Simmons, Graham, Gosalia, Dhaval N., Rennekamp, Andrew J., Reeves, Jacqueline D., Diamond, Scott L., Bates, Paul

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by an emergent coronavirus (SARS-CoV), for which there is currently no effective treatment. SARS-CoV mediates receptor binding and entry by its...

Expanded Tropism and Altered Activation of a Retroviral Glycoprotein Resistant to an Entry Inhibitor Peptide

Amberg, Sean M., Netter, Robert C., Simmons, Graham, Bates, Paul

The envelope of class I viruses can be a target for potent viral inhibitors, such as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) inhibitor enfuvirtide, which are derived from the C-terminal...

Endosomal Proteolysis by Cathepsins Is Necessary for Murine Coronavirus Mouse Hepatitis Virus Type 2 Spike-Mediated Entry

Qiu, Zhaozhu, Hingley, Susan T., Simmons, Graham, Yu, Christopher, Das Sarma, Jayasri, Bates, Paul, ...

Most strains of murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) express a cleavable spike glycoprotein that mediates viral entry and pH-independent cell-cell fusion. The MHV type 2 (MHV-2) strain of...

The Signal Peptide of the Ebolavirus Glycoprotein Influences Interaction with the Cellular Lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR

Marzi, Andrea, Akhavan, Armin, Simmons, Graham, Gramberg, Thomas, Hofmann, Heike, Bates, Paul, ...

The C-type lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR (collectively referred to as DC-SIGN/R) bind to the ebolavirus glycoprotein (EBOV-GP) and augment viral infectivity. DC-SIGN/R strongly enhance infection...

Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) Isolates Infect CD4-Negative Cells via CCR5 and CXCR4: Comparison with HIV-1 and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus and Relevance to Cell Tropism In Vivo

Reeves, Jacqueline D., Hibbitts, Sam, Simmons, Graham, McKnight, Áine, Azevedo-Pereira, José M., Moniz-Pereira, José, ...

Cell surface receptors exploited by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) for infection are major determinants of tropism. HIV-1 usually requires two receptors to...

Expanded Tropism of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 R5 Strains to CD4+ T-Cell Lines Determined by the Capacity To Exploit Low Concentrations of CCR5

Dejucq, Nathalie, Simmons, Graham, Clapham, Paul R.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) strains predominantly use the chemokine receptor CCR5, while syncytium-inducing (SI) strains use CXCR4. In vitro, SI isolates...

CXCR4 as a Functional Coreceptor for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection of Primary Macrophages

Simmons, Graham, Reeves, Jacqueline D., McKnight, Áine, Dejucq, Nathalie, Hibbitts, Sam, Power, Christine A., ...

The coreceptors used by primary syncytium-inducing (SI) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates for infection of primary macrophages were investigated. SI strains using only CXCR4 replicated...

Differential N-Linked Glycosylation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Ebola Virus Envelope Glycoproteins Modulates Interactions with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR

Lin, George, Simmons, Graham, Pöhlmann, Stefan, Baribaud, Frédéric, Ni, Houping, Leslie, George J., ...

The C-type lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR [collectively referred to as DC-SIGN(R)] bind and transmit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus to T cells via the viral...

Ebola Virus Glycoproteins Induce Global Surface Protein Down-Modulation and Loss of Cell Adherence

Simmons, Graham, Wool-Lewis, Rouven J., Baribaud, Frédéric, Netter, Robert C., Bates, Paul

The Ebola virus envelope glycoprotein (GP) derived from the pathogenic Zaire subtype mediates cell rounding and detachment from the extracellular matrix in 293T cells. In this study we provide...

Folate Receptor Alpha and Caveolae Are Not Required for Ebola Virus Glycoprotein-Mediated Viral Infection

Simmons, Graham, Rennekamp, Andrew J., Chai, Ning, Vandenberghe, Luk H., Riley, James L., Bates, Paul

Folate receptor alpha (FRα) has been described as a factor involved in mediating Ebola virus entry into cells (6). Furthermore, it was suggested that interaction with FRα results in internalization...

Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry

Simmons, Graham, Reeves, Jacqueline D., Rennekamp, Andrew J., Amberg, Sean M., Piefer, Andrew J., Bates, Paul

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen with potentially serious consequences for public health. Here we describe conditions that result not...

DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR Interact with the Glycoprotein of Marburg Virus and the S Protein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

Marzi, Andrea, Gramberg, Thomas, Simmons, Graham, Möller, Peggy, Rennekamp, Andrew J., Krumbiegel, Mandy, ...

The lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR can augment viral infection; however, the range of pathogens interacting with these attachment factors is incompletely defined. Here we show that DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR...

Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry

Simmons, Graham, Gosalia, Dhaval N., Rennekamp, Andrew J., Reeves, Jacqueline D., Diamond, Scott L., Bates, Paul

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by an emergent coronavirus (SARS-CoV), for which there is currently no effective treatment. SARS-CoV mediates receptor binding and entry by its...

Expanded Tropism and Altered Activation of a Retroviral Glycoprotein Resistant to an Entry Inhibitor Peptide

Amberg, Sean M., Netter, Robert C., Simmons, Graham, Bates, Paul

The envelope of class I viruses can be a target for potent viral inhibitors, such as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) inhibitor enfuvirtide, which are derived from the C-terminal...

Endosomal Proteolysis by Cathepsins Is Necessary for Murine Coronavirus Mouse Hepatitis Virus Type 2 Spike-Mediated Entry

Qiu, Zhaozhu, Hingley, Susan T., Simmons, Graham, Yu, Christopher, Das Sarma, Jayasri, Bates, Paul, ...

Most strains of murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) express a cleavable spike glycoprotein that mediates viral entry and pH-independent cell-cell fusion. The MHV type 2 (MHV-2) strain of...

The Signal Peptide of the Ebolavirus Glycoprotein Influences Interaction with the Cellular Lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR

Marzi, Andrea, Akhavan, Armin, Simmons, Graham, Gramberg, Thomas, Hofmann, Heike, Bates, Paul, ...

The C-type lectins DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR (collectively referred to as DC-SIGN/R) bind to the ebolavirus glycoprotein (EBOV-GP) and augment viral infectivity. DC-SIGN/R strongly enhance infection...

Highly Conserved Regions within the Spike Proteins of Human Coronaviruses 229E and NL63 Determine Recognition of Their Respective Cellular Receptors

Hofmann, Heike, Simmons, Graham, Rennekamp, Andrew J., Chaipan, Chawaree, Gramberg, Thomas, Heck, Elke, ...

We have recently demonstrated that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) also mediates cellular entry of the newly discovered...

Proteolysis of the Ebola Virus Glycoproteins Enhances Virus Binding and Infectivity▿

Kaletsky, Rachel L., Simmons, Graham, Bates, Paul

Cellular cathepsins are required for Ebola virus infection and are believed to proteolytically process the Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) during entry. However, the significance of cathepsin cleavage...

Aminooxypentane-RANTES Induces CCR5 Internalization but Inhibits Recycling: A Novel Inhibitory Mechanism of HIV Infectivity

Mack, Matthias, Luckow, Bruno, Nelson, Peter J., Cihak, Josef, Simmons, Graham, Clapham, Paul R., ...

CCR5, a chemokine receptor expressed on T cells and macrophages, is the principal coreceptor for M-tropic HIV-1 strains. Recently, we described an NH2-terminal modification of the CCR5 ligand...