Hang, B., Chenna, A., Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Singer, B.
The major human apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease (class II) is known to cleave DNA 5′ adjacent to an AP site, which is probably the most common DNA damage produced hydrolytically or by...
Hang, B., Medina, M., Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Singer, B.
Etheno adducts in DNA arise from multiple endogenous and exogenous sources. Of these adducts we have reported that, 1,N6-ethenoadenine (ɛA) and 3,N4-ethenocytosine (ɛC) are removed from DNA by two...
Austin, J E, Fraenkel-Conrat, H
Previous work showed that the exocyclic amino groups of nucleic acid components react quickly at ambient temperature with acetaldehyde and ethanol to yield mixed acetals [R-NH-CH(CH3)-O-C2H5]. We now...
Singer, B, Antoccia, A, Basu, A K, Dosanjh, M K, Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Gallagher, P E, ...
We previously described a protein, isolated from human tissues and cells, that bound to a defined double-stranded oligonucleotide containing a single site-specifically placed 1,N6-ethenoadenine. It...
DEMONSTRATION OF THE MESSENGER ROLE OF VIRAL RNA*
Tsugita, A., Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Nirenberg, M. W., Matthaei, J. H.
THE COMPLETE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF THE PROTEIN OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS*
Tsugita, A., Gish, D. T., Young, J., Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Knight, C. A., Stanley, W. M.
Repair of O-alkylpyrimidines in mammalian cells: a present consensus.
Brent, T P, Dolan, M E, Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Hall, J, Karran, P, Laval, L, ...
Enzymatic repair of the O-alkylpyrimidines (O2- and O4-alkylthymine, O2-alkylcytosine) and alkyl phosphotriesters has been studied in Escherichia coli, and the two proteins involved, a glycosylase...
The exocyclic amino groups of ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides react rapidly at ambient temperature with acetaldehyde and alcohols to yield mixed acetals [--NH--CH(CH3)OR]. Nucleotides and...
Singer, B, Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Abbott, L G, Spengler, S J
N4- Methoxydeoxycytidine triphosphate ( mo4dCTP ) substitutes for dTTP in poly d[A-T] synthesis with E. coli DNA polymerase I (Pol I). In parallel experiments using as template-primer, poly d[G-C],...
Singer, B, Spengler, S J, Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Kuśmierek, J T
In a previous paper, we reported that O4-methyl dTTP can be incorporated into poly(dA-dT) in place of thymidine without distortion of the helical structure, but on replication it could behave as...
RNA-directed RNA polymerases from healthy and from virus-infected cucumber.
Khan, Z A, Hiriyanna, K T, Chavez, F, Fraenkel-Conrat, H
Much work has been done on the isolation, purification, and characterization of the RNA-directed RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.48) of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-infected cucumbers. Uninfected plants were...
Reconstitution of rods from tobacco mosaic virus protein and RNA modified with bulky carcinogens.
Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Singer, B, Takanami, Y, Santella, R M, Grunberger, D
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA was treated with radioactive N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-acetoxy-AAF) and (+/-)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10...
Effect of introduction of small alkyl groups on mRNA function.
Treatment of RNA with dimethyl sulfate methylates only nitrogens, preferentially the 7 position of guanosine, whereas treatment with ethylnitrosourea ethylates mainly oxygens, preferentially the...
Characterization of double-stranded ribonucleic acid in tobacco leaves
Ikegami, M., Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
Double-stranded RNA was isolated from tobacco leaves and characterized in terms of base composition, density, and nuclease resistance. Although its role in the plant's physiology is not clear,...
Biological Roles of the Two Components of Crotoxin
Hendon, R. A., Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
Crotoxin, the Brazilian rattlesnake neurotoxin, generally behaves as a homogeneous protein; however, it is a molecular complex of an acidic and a basic protein. These can be separated after...
Preparation and template activities of polynucleotides containing O2- and O4-alkyluridine.
Singer, B, Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Kuśmierek, J T
O2-Ethyl-UDP and O4-methyl-UDP have been prepared and copolymerized in various proportions with UDP or CDP, using polynucleotide phosphorylase. The copolymers were used as templates for DNA-dependent...
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of tobacco plants
Ikegami, M., Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
Several properties of RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) active fractions obtained from tobacco plants, be they uninfected, infected with tobacco mosaic...
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of plants
The existence of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (EC 2.7.7.48) in plants has been definitely proven by their isolation in pure form from cucumber and tobacco in our laboratory and from cowpea at...
In vitro discrimination of replicases acting on carcinogen-modified polynucleotide templates
Singer, B., Kuśmierek, J. T., Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
Three different poly(dC)s with modifications that block the N-3 of deoxycytidine were used as templates for polymer synthesis by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (EC 2.7.7.7). In contrast to...
Purification and characterization of polynucleotide phosphorylase from cucumber
Khan, Zulfaqar Alam, Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
Polynucleotide phosphorylase (polyribonucleotide:orthophosphate nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.8) activity has been found in many prokaryotes and studied in detail since 1955. Such enzymes have...
Jeng, T.-W., Hendon, R. A., Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
Several snake venom neurotoxins are larger and more complex than the well-studied group of postsynaptic toxins exemplified by α-bungarotoxin. Several of these, exemplified by β-bungarotoxin, show...
Gleason, M K, Fraenkel-Conrat, H
Treatment of HeLa cells with 5-fluoro-[3H]uracil leads to the incorporation into cellular RNA of 5-fluorocytidine to the extent of about 0.2% of the 5-fluorouridine incorporated. In tobacco mosaic...
Translation of tobacco necrosis virus and its satellite in a cell-free wheat germ system.
Salvato, M S, Fraenkel-Conrat, H
Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) and its satellite virus (STNV) each contain a single-stranded RNA genome, of about 1.4 X 10(6) and 0.4 X 10(6) daltons, respectively, which is very active in stimulating...
Singer, B, Sun, L, Fraenkel-Conrat, H
Upon ethyl nitrosourea treatment of RNA of tobacco mosaic virus, up to four phosphodiester groups may be alkylated per molecule without chain breakage, as shown be sucrose gradient centrifugation....
Identification of the 5' end of Rous sarcoma virus RNA.
The 5'-terminal triphosphate of the 35S RNA isolated from Rous sarcoma virus is blocked by 7-methylguanosine in 5' linkage with the penultimate nucleoside which is methylated in the 2'-O-ribose...
Characterization of the End Groups of RNA of Rous Sarcoma Virus
Keith, J., Gleason, M., Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
The 3′ terminus of the 30-35S RNA of Rous sarcoma virus is adenosine. Its amount indicates an average molecular weight for that RNA of about 3 × 106. The 5′ terminus of 30-35S RNA of Rous...
Dosanjh, M K, Chenna, A, Kim, E, Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Samson, L, Singer, B
We have previously reported that human cells and tissues contain a 1,N6-ethenoadenine (epsilon A) binding protein, which, through glycosylase activity, releases both 3-methyladenine (m3A) and epsilon...
RECONSTITUTION OF ACTIVE TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS FROM ITS INACTIVE PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC ACID COMPONENTS*
Hang, B., Chenna, A., Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Singer, B.
The major human apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease (class II) is known to cleave DNA 5′ adjacent to an AP site, which is probably the most common DNA damage produced hydrolytically or by...
Hang, B., Medina, M., Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Singer, B.
Etheno adducts in DNA arise from multiple endogenous and exogenous sources. Of these adducts we have reported that, 1,N6-ethenoadenine (ɛA) and 3,N4-ethenocytosine (ɛC) are removed from DNA by two...
Austin, J E, Fraenkel-Conrat, H
Previous work showed that the exocyclic amino groups of nucleic acid components react quickly at ambient temperature with acetaldehyde and ethanol to yield mixed acetals [R-NH-CH(CH3)-O-C2H5]. We now...
Singer, B, Antoccia, A, Basu, A K, Dosanjh, M K, Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Gallagher, P E, ...
We previously described a protein, isolated from human tissues and cells, that bound to a defined double-stranded oligonucleotide containing a single site-specifically placed 1,N6-ethenoadenine. It...
DEMONSTRATION OF THE MESSENGER ROLE OF VIRAL RNA*
Tsugita, A., Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Nirenberg, M. W., Matthaei, J. H.
THE COMPLETE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF THE PROTEIN OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS*
Tsugita, A., Gish, D. T., Young, J., Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Knight, C. A., Stanley, W. M.
Repair of O-alkylpyrimidines in mammalian cells: a present consensus.
Brent, T P, Dolan, M E, Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Hall, J, Karran, P, Laval, L, ...
Enzymatic repair of the O-alkylpyrimidines (O2- and O4-alkylthymine, O2-alkylcytosine) and alkyl phosphotriesters has been studied in Escherichia coli, and the two proteins involved, a glycosylase...
The exocyclic amino groups of ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides react rapidly at ambient temperature with acetaldehyde and alcohols to yield mixed acetals [--NH--CH(CH3)OR]. Nucleotides and...
Singer, B, Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Abbott, L G, Spengler, S J
N4- Methoxydeoxycytidine triphosphate ( mo4dCTP ) substitutes for dTTP in poly d[A-T] synthesis with E. coli DNA polymerase I (Pol I). In parallel experiments using as template-primer, poly d[G-C],...
Singer, B, Spengler, S J, Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Kuśmierek, J T
In a previous paper, we reported that O4-methyl dTTP can be incorporated into poly(dA-dT) in place of thymidine without distortion of the helical structure, but on replication it could behave as...
RNA-directed RNA polymerases from healthy and from virus-infected cucumber.
Khan, Z A, Hiriyanna, K T, Chavez, F, Fraenkel-Conrat, H
Much work has been done on the isolation, purification, and characterization of the RNA-directed RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.48) of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-infected cucumbers. Uninfected plants were...
Reconstitution of rods from tobacco mosaic virus protein and RNA modified with bulky carcinogens.
Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Singer, B, Takanami, Y, Santella, R M, Grunberger, D
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA was treated with radioactive N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-acetoxy-AAF) and (+/-)-7 beta, 8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha, 10...
Effect of introduction of small alkyl groups on mRNA function.
Treatment of RNA with dimethyl sulfate methylates only nitrogens, preferentially the 7 position of guanosine, whereas treatment with ethylnitrosourea ethylates mainly oxygens, preferentially the...
Characterization of double-stranded ribonucleic acid in tobacco leaves
Ikegami, M., Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
Double-stranded RNA was isolated from tobacco leaves and characterized in terms of base composition, density, and nuclease resistance. Although its role in the plant's physiology is not clear,...
Biological Roles of the Two Components of Crotoxin
Hendon, R. A., Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
Crotoxin, the Brazilian rattlesnake neurotoxin, generally behaves as a homogeneous protein; however, it is a molecular complex of an acidic and a basic protein. These can be separated after...
Preparation and template activities of polynucleotides containing O2- and O4-alkyluridine.
Singer, B, Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Kuśmierek, J T
O2-Ethyl-UDP and O4-methyl-UDP have been prepared and copolymerized in various proportions with UDP or CDP, using polynucleotide phosphorylase. The copolymers were used as templates for DNA-dependent...
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of tobacco plants
Ikegami, M., Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
Several properties of RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) active fractions obtained from tobacco plants, be they uninfected, infected with tobacco mosaic...
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of plants
The existence of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (EC 2.7.7.48) in plants has been definitely proven by their isolation in pure form from cucumber and tobacco in our laboratory and from cowpea at...
In vitro discrimination of replicases acting on carcinogen-modified polynucleotide templates
Singer, B., Kuśmierek, J. T., Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
Three different poly(dC)s with modifications that block the N-3 of deoxycytidine were used as templates for polymer synthesis by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (EC 2.7.7.7). In contrast to...
Purification and characterization of polynucleotide phosphorylase from cucumber
Khan, Zulfaqar Alam, Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
Polynucleotide phosphorylase (polyribonucleotide:orthophosphate nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.8) activity has been found in many prokaryotes and studied in detail since 1955. Such enzymes have...
Jeng, T.-W., Hendon, R. A., Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
Several snake venom neurotoxins are larger and more complex than the well-studied group of postsynaptic toxins exemplified by α-bungarotoxin. Several of these, exemplified by β-bungarotoxin, show...
Gleason, M K, Fraenkel-Conrat, H
Treatment of HeLa cells with 5-fluoro-[3H]uracil leads to the incorporation into cellular RNA of 5-fluorocytidine to the extent of about 0.2% of the 5-fluorouridine incorporated. In tobacco mosaic...
Translation of tobacco necrosis virus and its satellite in a cell-free wheat germ system.
Salvato, M S, Fraenkel-Conrat, H
Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) and its satellite virus (STNV) each contain a single-stranded RNA genome, of about 1.4 X 10(6) and 0.4 X 10(6) daltons, respectively, which is very active in stimulating...
Singer, B, Sun, L, Fraenkel-Conrat, H
Upon ethyl nitrosourea treatment of RNA of tobacco mosaic virus, up to four phosphodiester groups may be alkylated per molecule without chain breakage, as shown be sucrose gradient centrifugation....
Identification of the 5' end of Rous sarcoma virus RNA.
The 5'-terminal triphosphate of the 35S RNA isolated from Rous sarcoma virus is blocked by 7-methylguanosine in 5' linkage with the penultimate nucleoside which is methylated in the 2'-O-ribose...
Characterization of the End Groups of RNA of Rous Sarcoma Virus
Keith, J., Gleason, M., Fraenkel-Conrat, H.
The 3′ terminus of the 30-35S RNA of Rous sarcoma virus is adenosine. Its amount indicates an average molecular weight for that RNA of about 3 × 106. The 5′ terminus of 30-35S RNA of Rous...
Dosanjh, M K, Chenna, A, Kim, E, Fraenkel-Conrat, H, Samson, L, Singer, B
We have previously reported that human cells and tissues contain a 1,N6-ethenoadenine (epsilon A) binding protein, which, through glycosylase activity, releases both 3-methyladenine (m3A) and epsilon...
RECONSTITUTION OF ACTIVE TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS FROM ITS INACTIVE PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC ACID COMPONENTS*
Virus reconstitution and the proof of the existence of genomic RNA.
This paper is a historical overview of the work done on the tobacco mosaic virus. The primary finding was that a virus is capable of reassembling itself from its component protein and RNA, and that...