Ken Pease

How to Behave Like a Scientist? (2008)

Pease, Ken

The wish to re-orient the study of crime from conventional criminology smacks of arrogance and must be justified by reference to advantages that might be gained from such a re-orientation. It is...

El contagio de robos de vehículos y sustracciones de objetos en vehículos: Aplicaciones de técnicas epidemiológicas (2007)

Summers, Lucía, Johnson, Shane D., Pease, Ken

La aplicación de técnicas epidemiológicas al estudio del robo de domicilios ha demostrado que éstos se aglomeran espacio-temporalmente y de forma predecible (Johnson y Bowers, 2004; Johnson,...

DNA evidence and police investigations: a health warning (2006)

Roach, Jason, Pease, Ken

This article was published on the website, http://www.policeprofessional.com.

Definition of final crime risk assessment mechanism to measure the risk of theft of electronic products and proof them against theft (2006)

Armitage, Rachel, Clarke, Ron, Pease, Ken, Savona, Ernesto, Montauti, Martina, Di Nicola, Andrea

This is a DRAFT DELIVERABLE FOR WP 14 OF: Project MARC – Developing Mechanisms for Assessing the Risk of Crime due to legislation and products in order to proof them against crime at an EU level. A...

First Impressions Count: Serious detections arising from Criminal Justice Samples (2006)

Townsley, Michael Kenneth, Smith, Chloe, Pease, Ken

DNA samples on the England and Wales national database matching those found at scenes of serious violent or sexual crimes were identified. The earlier offence leading the sample to appear on the...

First Impressions Count: Serious detections arising from Criminal Justice Samples (2006)

Townsley, Michael Kenneth, Smith, Chloe, Pease, Ken

DNA samples on the England and Wales national database matching those found at scenes of serious violent or sexual crimes were identified. The earlier offence leading the sample to appear on the...

Repeat victimization in the ICVS and the NCVS (2005)

Farrell, Graham, Tseloni, Andromachi, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal [© Perpetutity Press].

Of targets and supertargets: a routine activity theory of high crime rates (2005)

Farrell, Graham, Clark, Ken, Ellingworth, Dan, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, Internet Journal of Criminology [© NUP]. It is also available at: http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/ijcarticles.html.

Population inequality: the case of repeat crime victimization (2005)

Tseloni, Andromachi, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, International Review of Victimology [© AB Academic].

Victimisation and re-victimisation risk, housing type and area: a study of interactions (2005)

Bowers, Kate J., Johnson, Shane D., Pease, Ken

It is often assumed that less ostensibly affluent homes (eg terreced housing) are more at risk than other types of housing (such as detached houses) of being burgled. The research reported here shows...

Using DNA to catch offenders quicker: serious detections arising from criminal justice samples. (2005)

Townsley, Michael, Smith, Chloe, Pease, Ken

DNA samples on the national database matching those found at scenes of serious violent or sexual crimes were identified. The earlier offence leading the sample to appear on the database was noted....

Repeat victimization in the ICVS and the NCVS (2005)

Farrell, Graham, Tseloni, Andromachi, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal [© Perpetutity Press].

Of targets and supertargets: a routine activity theory of high crime rates (2005)

Farrell, Graham, Clark, Ken, Ellingworth, Dan, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, Internet Journal of Criminology [© NUP]. It is also available at: http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/ijcarticles.html.

Population inequality: the case of repeat crime victimization (2005)

Tseloni, Andromachi, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, International Review of Victimology [© AB Academic].

Victimisation and re-victimisation risk, housing type and area: a study of interactions (2005)

Bowers, Kate J., Johnson, Shane D., Pease, Ken

It is often assumed that less ostensibly affluent homes (eg terreced housing) are more at risk than other types of housing (such as detached houses) of being burgled. The research reported here shows...

Using DNA to catch offenders quicker: serious detections arising from criminal justice samples. (2005)

Townsley, Michael, Smith, Chloe, Pease, Ken

DNA samples on the national database matching those found at scenes of serious violent or sexual crimes were identified. The earlier offence leading the sample to appear on the database was noted....

Data sharing in crime prevention: why and how (2004)

Moss, Kate, Pease, Ken

Criteria for the permissable exchange of relevant data within crime and disorder partnerships are to be found in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Partnerships have experienced difficulties in...

Prospective hot-spotting: the future of crime mapping (2004)

Bowers, Kate J., Johnson, Shane D., Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, British Journal of Criminology [© Oxford University Press].

Data Sharing in Crime Reduction: Why and How? (2004)

Moss, Kate, Pease, Ken

Criteria for the permissible exchange of relevant data within crime and disorder partnerships are to be found in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Partnerships have experienced difficulties in...

Data sharing in crime prevention: why and how (2004)

Moss, Kate, Pease, Ken

Criteria for the permissable exchange of relevant data within crime and disorder partnerships are to be found in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Partnerships have experienced difficulties in...

Prospective hot-spotting: the future of crime mapping (2004)

Bowers, Kate J., Johnson, Shane D., Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, British Journal of Criminology [© Oxford University Press].

Burglary Victimization in England and Wales, the United States and the Netherlands: A Cross-National Comparative Test of Routine Activities and Lifestyle Theories (2004)

Tseloni, Andromachi, Wittebrood, Karin, Farrell, Graham, Pease, Ken

This study examines factors relating to burglary incidence in England and Wales, the United States, and the Netherlands. Negative binomial regression models are developed based on routine activities...

Prospective Hot-Spotting: The Future of Crime Mapping? (2004)

Bowers, Kate J., Johnson, Shane D., Pease, Ken

Existing methods of predicting and mapping the future locations of crime are intrinsically retrospective. This paper explores the development of a mapping procedure that seeks to produce...

Repeat Personal Victimization: Random Effects, Event Dependence and Unexplained Heterogeneity (2004)

Tseloni, Andromachi, Pease, Ken

The paper seeks to clarify the risks of repeat personal victimization, acknowledging that much prior research is limited in enabling efficient applicability to crime-prevention purposes by its...

Prospective Hot-Spotting (2004)

Bowers, Kate J., Johnson, Shane D., Pease, Ken

Existing methods of predicting and mapping the future locations of crime are intrinsically retrospective. This paper explores the development of a mapping procedure that seeks to produce...

Measuring and interpreting repeat victimization using police data: An analysis of burglary data and policy for Charlotte, North Carolina. (2003)

Farrell, Graham, Pease, Ken

This study of repeat victimization and crime prevention tackles issues relating to the measurement and interpretation of police data. In a study of repeat burglaries in Charlotte, NC, published in...

Data sharing and crime reduction: The long and winding road. (2003)

Brookes, Stephen, Moss, Kate, Pease, Ken

The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 charges responsible authorities with devising and implementing strategies for community safety. Responsible authorities comprice police and local authorities working...

Crime victimization: its extent and communication (2003)

Wiles, Paul, Simmons, Jon, Pease, Ken

The criminal justice contexts are identified in which understanding and communicating risks are important. The paper is thereafter exclusively concerned with the probability of crime victimization...

DNA and the active criminal population (2003)

Leary, Dick, Pease, Ken

Analysis of rates of submission of crime scene samples from one police force area and of matches with offender DNA samples already on the national database demonstrates, first, an increasing rate of...

Problem orientation, problem solving and organizational change (2003)

Townsley, Michael, Johnson, Shane D., Pease, Ken

The widespread adoption of problem-oriented policing requires a dramatic and fundamental change in both the organizational focus of the police and the manner in which day-to-day policing is...

Repeat personal victimization: 'boosts' or 'flags'? (2003)

Tseloni, Andromachi, Pease, Ken

Repeat victimization has recently featured prominently in crime reduction reasearch, especially in UK. Crime prevention efforts which focus on repeats have enjouyed some success. Yet little is known...

Reducing Burglary Initiative: early findings on burglary reduction (2003)

Kodz, Jenny, Pease, Ken

The first round of the Reducing Burglary Initiative (RBI), launched in 1999, funded 63 Strategic Development Projects (SDPs). One of the key aims of the RBI was to find out what burglary reduction...

Measuring and interpreting repeat victimization using police data: An analysis of burglary data and policy for Charlotte, North Carolina. (2003)

Farrell, Graham, Pease, Ken

This study of repeat victimization and crime prevention tackles issues relating to the measurement and interpretation of police data. In a study of repeat burglaries in Charlotte, NC, published in...

Data sharing and crime reduction: The long and winding road. (2003)

Brookes, Stephen, Moss, Kate, Pease, Ken

The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 charges responsible authorities with devising and implementing strategies for community safety. Responsible authorities comprice police and local authorities working...

Crime victimization: its extent and communication (2003)

Wiles, Paul, Simmons, Jon, Pease, Ken

The criminal justice contexts are identified in which understanding and communicating risks are important. The paper is thereafter exclusively concerned with the probability of crime victimization...

DNA and the active criminal population (2003)

Leary, Dick, Pease, Ken

Analysis of rates of submission of crime scene samples from one police force area and of matches with offender DNA samples already on the national database demonstrates, first, an increasing rate of...

Problem orientation, problem solving and organizational change (2003)

Townsley, Michael, Johnson, Shane D., Pease, Ken

The widespread adoption of problem-oriented policing requires a dramatic and fundamental change in both the organizational focus of the police and the manner in which day-to-day policing is...

Repeat personal victimization: 'boosts' or 'flags'? (2003)

Tseloni, Andromachi, Pease, Ken

Repeat victimization has recently featured prominently in crime reduction reasearch, especially in UK. Crime prevention efforts which focus on repeats have enjouyed some success. Yet little is known...

Reducing Burglary Initiative: early findings on burglary reduction (2003)

Kodz, Jenny, Pease, Ken

The first round of the Reducing Burglary Initiative (RBI), launched in 1999, funded 63 Strategic Development Projects (SDPs). One of the key aims of the RBI was to find out what burglary reduction...

Data-sharing and Crime Reduction: The Long and Winding Road (2003)

Brookes, Stephen, Moss, Kate, Pease, Ken

The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 charges responsible authorities with devising and implementing strategies for community safety. Responsible authorities comprise police and local authorities, working...

Repeat Personal Victimization. 'Boosts' or 'Flags'? (2003)

Tseloni, Andromachi, Pease, Ken

Repeat victimization has recently featured prominently in crime reduction research, especially in the UK. Crime prevention efforts which focus on repeats have enjoyed some success. Yet little is...

Modelling property crime using the British Crime Survey (2002)

Tseloni, Andromachi, Osborn, Denise, Trickett, Alan, Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, British Journal of Criminology [© Oxford University Press].

How efficiently can we target prolific offenders? (2002)

Townsley, Michael, Pease, Ken

This report looks at the magnitude of crime perpetrated by the most active offenders in a particular police area and places it in the context of a research programme which seeks to integrate and...

Modelling property crime using the British Crime Survey (2002)

Tseloni, Andromachi, Osborn, Denise, Trickett, Alan, Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, British Journal of Criminology [© Oxford University Press].

How efficiently can we target prolific offenders? (2002)

Townsley, Michael, Pease, Ken

This report looks at the magnitude of crime perpetrated by the most active offenders in a particular police area and places it in the context of a research programme which seeks to integrate and...

How Efficiently Can We Target Prolific Offenders? (2002)

Townsley, Michael Kenneth, Pease, Ken

This report looks at the magnitude of crime perpetrated by the most active offenders in a particular police area and places it in the context of a research programme which seeks to integrate and...

How Efficiently Can We Target Prolific Offenders? (2002)

Townsley, Michael Kenneth, Pease, Ken

This report looks at the magnitude of crime perpetrated by the most active offenders in a particular police area and places it in the context of a research programme which seeks to integrate and...

How Efficiently Can We Target Prolific Offenders? (2002)

Townsley, Michael Kenneth, Pease, Ken

This report looks at the magnitude of crime perpetrated by the most active offenders in a particular police area and places it in the context of a research programme which seeks to integrate and...

Modelling Property Crime Using the British Crime Survey. What Have We Learnt? (2002)

Tseloni, Andromachi, Osborn, Denise R., Trickett, Alan, Pease, Ken

The British Crime Survey (BCS) has been used to develop a number of statistical models that describe property crime victimization at the level of the individual household. This paper gives an...

Why repeat victimization matters (2001)

Farrell, Graham, Pease, Ken

The basic facts of repeat victimization are well known. Substantial proportions of differences in rates of crime are attributable to differences in their concentration on particular targets, whether...

Repeated bank robbery: themes and variations (2001)

Matthews, Roger, Pease, Catherine, Pease, Ken

This study examines all bank robberies, completed and attempted, reported to the U.K.'s Metropciitan Police in the years 1992- 1994. It shows the rate of repetition against the same branches to be...

Crime, technology and the future (2001)

Davis, Richard, Pease, Ken

The findings which are currently emerging from the Foreseight Crime Prevention Panel were published in March 2000. The Panel and its four task forces have been looking, up to 20 years ahead, at how...

Why repeat victimization matters (2001)

Farrell, Graham, Pease, Ken

The basic facts of repeat victimization are well known. Substantial proportions of differences in rates of crime are attributable to differences in their concentration on particular targets, whether...

Repeated bank robbery: themes and variations (2001)

Matthews, Roger, Pease, Catherine, Pease, Ken

This study examines all bank robberies, completed and attempted, reported to the U.K.'s Metropciitan Police in the years 1992- 1994. It shows the rate of repetition against the same branches to be...

Crime, technology and the future (2001)

Davis, Richard, Pease, Ken

The findings which are currently emerging from the Foreseight Crime Prevention Panel were published in March 2000. The Panel and its four task forces have been looking, up to 20 years ahead, at how...

Crime and Disorder Act 1998: Section 17. A wolf in sheep's clothing (1999)

Moss, Katrina, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal [© Perpetuity Press].

Firearms licensing: facts in danger of neglect (1999)

Pease, Catherine, Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, Crime prevention and Community Safety: an international journal [© Perpetuity Press].

A review of street lighting evaluations: crime reduction effects (1999)

Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, Crime Prevention Studies [© Criminal Justice Press].

The probation career of Al Truism (1999)

Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, Howard journal of criminal justice [© Blackwell]. The definitive version: PEASE, K., 1999. The probation career of Al Truism. Howard Journal of...

Reactions to victimisation: why has anger been ignored? (1999)

Ditton, Jason, Farrall, Stephen, Bannister, Jon, Gilchrist, Elisabeth, Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal [© Perpetuity Press].

Illegal parking in disabled bays: a means of offender targetting (1999)

Chenery, Sylvia, Henshaw, Chris, Pease, Ken

This paper describes an initiative in Huddersfield that aimed to assess the scope for offender targeting through self-selection. It considers in particular the practice of illegally parking in...

Revictimisation: reducing the heat on hot victims (1999)

Pease, Ken, Laycock, Gloria

Preventing crime and preventing repeat victimisation are priority issues for the criminal justice system in 1999. Numerous research studies have shown that a small minority of offenders is...

Crime and Disorder Act 1998: Section 17. A wolf in sheep's clothing (1999)

Moss, Katrina, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal [© Perpetuity Press].

Firearms licensing: facts in danger of neglect (1999)

Pease, Catherine, Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, Crime prevention and Community Safety: an international journal [© Perpetuity Press].

A review of street lighting evaluations: crime reduction effects (1999)

Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, Crime Prevention Studies [© Criminal Justice Press].

The probation career of Al Truism (1999)

Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, Howard journal of criminal justice [© Blackwell]. The definitive version: PEASE, K., 1999. The probation career of Al Truism. Howard Journal of...

Reactions to victimisation: why has anger been ignored? (1999)

Ditton, Jason, Farrall, Stephen, Bannister, Jon, Gilchrist, Elisabeth, Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal [© Perpetuity Press].

Illegal parking in disabled bays: a means of offender targetting (1999)

Chenery, Sylvia, Henshaw, Chris, Pease, Ken

This paper describes an initiative in Huddersfield that aimed to assess the scope for offender targeting through self-selection. It considers in particular the practice of illegally parking in...

Revictimisation: reducing the heat on hot victims (1999)

Pease, Ken, Laycock, Gloria

Preventing crime and preventing repeat victimisation are priority issues for the criminal justice system in 1999. Numerous research studies have shown that a small minority of offenders is...

Repeat victimisation: offenders accounts (1998)

Ashton, Julie, Brown, Imogen, Senior, Barbara, Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention [© Perpetuity Press].

Crime, labour and the wisdom of Solomon (1998)

Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention [© Institute of Policy Studies].

What shall we count when measuring zero tolerance? (1998)

Pease, Ken

In 1998 the Police Foundation held a residential seminar for senior policy makers inside and outside the police service on what zero tolerance might mean for the face of policing in Britain. The...

Repeat victimisation: offenders accounts (1998)

Ashton, Julie, Brown, Imogen, Senior, Barbara, Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention [© Perpetuity Press].

Crime, labour and the wisdom of Solomon (1998)

Pease, Ken

This article has been published in the journal, International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention [© Institute of Policy Studies].

What shall we count when measuring zero tolerance? (1998)

Pease, Ken

In 1998 the Police Foundation held a residential seminar for senior policy makers inside and outside the police service on what zero tolerance might mean for the face of policing in Britain. The...

First Published 1998 (1998)

Ken Pease, Barry Webb

the influence of research and development in police policy and practice. The objectives are to sponsor and undertake research and development to improve and strengthen the police service and to...

Repeat victim support (1997)

Farrell, Graham, Pease, Ken

This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in British Journal of Criminology following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version:...

Repeat victim support (1997)

Farrell, Graham, Pease, Ken

This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in British Journal of Criminology following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version:...

Repeat victim support (1997)

FARRELL, GRAHAM, PEASE, KEN

The occurrence of a crime may be regarded as a good predictor of where and when a further crime will occur. In consequence, a practical form of support for victims may well be the prevention of...

Like taking candy: why does repeat victimization occur? (1995)

Farrell, Graham, Phillips, Coretta, Pease, Ken

An analysis of different types of crimes give some explanations as to why such crimes are repeated. Repeated crimes examined include domestic violence, racial attacks, child sexual abuse, fights,...

A victim is a victim is a victim?: chronic victimization in four sweeps of the British crime survey. (1995)

Ellingworth, Dan, Farrell, Graham, Pease, Ken

Current study reveals that the British Crime Survey underestimates the number of repeat crimes that occur in the same areas to the same people. In 1992, the survey reported 63% of all property crimes...

Like taking candy: why does repeat victimization occur? (1995)

Farrell, Graham, Phillips, Coretta, Pease, Ken

An analysis of different types of crimes give some explanations as to why such crimes are repeated. Repeated crimes examined include domestic violence, racial attacks, child sexual abuse, fights,...

A victim is a victim is a victim?: chronic victimization in four sweeps of the British crime survey. (1995)

Ellingworth, Dan, Farrell, Graham, Pease, Ken

Current study reveals that the British Crime Survey underestimates the number of repeat crimes that occur in the same areas to the same people. In 1992, the survey reported 63% of all property crimes...

The Merseyside domestic violence prevention project: some costs and benefits (1993)

Farrell, Graham, Buck, Wendy, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, Studies of Crime and Prevention.

Once bitten, twice bitten: repeat victimisation and its implications for crime prevention (1993)

Farrell, Graham, Pease, Ken

This report pulls together a number of research results from a variety of sources, much of it carried out with Home Office support. The subject of the report is ‘repeat victimisation’ – the...

The Merseyside domestic violence prevention project: some costs and benefits (1993)

Farrell, Graham, Buck, Wendy, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, Studies of Crime and Prevention.

Once bitten, twice bitten: repeat victimisation and its implications for crime prevention (1993)

Farrell, Graham, Pease, Ken

This report pulls together a number of research results from a variety of sources, much of it carried out with Home Office support. The subject of the report is ‘repeat victimisation’ – the...

Gender differences in criminal justice: an international comparison (1992)

Harvey, Linda, Burnham, R.W., Kendall, Kathy, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, British Journal of Criminology [© Oxford University Press].

Controlling the prison population: Procedures for anticipating the effects of alternative strategies (1992)

Perry, Christopher, Pease, Ken

This paper has two aims: first, to familiarize the reader with statistics of imprisonment in the UK and Europe, the relationship between receptions into prison, prison population, implied prison...

Gender differences in criminal justice: an international comparison (1992)

Harvey, Linda, Burnham, R.W., Kendall, Kathy, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, British Journal of Criminology [© Oxford University Press].

Controlling the prison population: Procedures for anticipating the effects of alternative strategies (1992)

Perry, Christopher, Pease, Ken

This paper has two aims: first, to familiarize the reader with statistics of imprisonment in the UK and Europe, the relationship between receptions into prison, prison population, implied prison...

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE: An International Comparison (1992)

HARVEY, LINDA, BURNHAM, R. W., KENDALL, KATHY, PEASE, KEN

Analysis of the Second and Third United Nations Crime Surveys reveals that males are disproportionately suspected, apprehended, prosecuted, convicted, and imprisoned throughout the world. Evidence...

A Reconviction Predictor for Probationers (1992)

HUMPHREY, CHRISTOPHER, CARTER, PAULINE, PEASE, KEN

This paper reports the development of a predictor of reconviction suitable for use with probationers. The predictor, based on the Burgess method of prediction, was developed using a sample of 750...

WHAT IS DIFFERENT ABOUT HIGH CRIME AREAS? (1992)

TRICKETT, ALAN, OSBORN, DENISE R., SEYMOUR, JULIE, PEASE, KEN

This note reports secondary analysis of the 1982 British Crime Survey. It ranks sampling points by total crime experienced, and identifies differences between high and low crime areas. These differ...

Multiple victimisation in Northern Ireland (1991)

Barr, Bob, Farrell, Graham, McCready, Fiona, Pease, Ken

Report to the Northern Ireland Office from the Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of Manchester.

Multiple victimisation in Northern Ireland (1991)

Barr, Bob, Farrell, Graham, McCready, Fiona, Pease, Ken

Report to the Northern Ireland Office from the Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of Manchester.

THE TIME COURSE OF REPEAT BURGLARY VICTIMIZATION (1991)

POLVI, NATALIE, LOOMAN, TERAH, HUMPHRIES, CHARLIE, PEASE, KEN

Research has demonstrated that the probability of repeat victimization is greater than the probability of an independent offence. The time course of elevated risk has important implications for crime...

Personal crime against women: evidence from the 1982 British Crime Survey (1986)

Worrall, Anne, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice [© Blackwell]. The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com.

Personal crime against women: evidence from the 1982 British Crime Survey (1986)

Worrall, Anne, Pease, Ken

This article was published in the journal, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice [© Blackwell]. The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com.

Crime victimization: its extent and communication

Paul Wiles, Jon Simmons, Ken Pease

The criminal justice contexts are identified in which understanding and communicating risks are important. The paper is thereafter exclusively concerned with the probability of crime victimization...