Hizume, Kohji, Nakai, Tonau, Araki, Sumiko, Prieto, Eloise, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Takeyasu, Kunio
In order to reveal the roles of histone tails in the formation of higher-order chromatin structures, we employed atomic force microscopy (AFM), and an in vitro reconstitution system to examine the...
Self-Sustained Collective Oscillation Generated in an Array of Non-Oscillatory Cells (2008)
Oscillations represent a ubiquitous phenomenon in biological systems. The conventional models of biological periodic oscillations are usually proposed as interconnecting transcriptional feedback...
Higuchi, Yuji, Sakaue, Takahiro, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
The folding transition of single, long semiflexible polymers was studied with special emphasis on the chain length effect using Monte Carlo simulations. While a relatively short chain (10-25 Kuhn...
In situ analysis of the higher-order genome structure in a single Escherichia coli cell (2007)
Shindo, Eri, Kubo, Koji, Ohniwa, Ryosuke L., Takeyasu, Kunio, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
article in press
Kishida, Tsunao, Asada, Hidetsugu, Kubo, Koji, Sato, Yuko T., Shin-Ya, Masaharu, Imanishi, Jiro, ...
The EBNA1 gene and oriP sequence, originally derived from the EBV genome, provide plasmid vectors with artificial chromosome (AC)-like characteristics, including cytoplasm-to-nuclear transport,...
Contraction-induced cluster formation in cardiac cell culture (2007)
Harada, Takahiro, Isomura, Akihiro, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Evolution of the spatial arrangement of cells in a primary culture of cardiac tissue derived from newborn rats was studied experimentally over extended period. It was found that cells attract each...
Dynamical Calling Behavior Experimentally Observed in Japanese Tree Frogs (Hyla japonica) (2007)
AIHARA, Ikkyu, HORAI, Shunsuke, KITAHATA, Hiroyuki, AIHARA, Kazuyuki, YOSHIKAWA, Kenichi
We recorded time series data of calls of Japanese tree frogs (Hyla japonica; Nihon-Ama-Gaeru) and examined the dynamics of the experimentally observed data not only through linear time series...
Extension of a DNA Molecule by Local Heating with a Laser (2007)
Ichikawa, Masatoshi, Ichikawa, Hiroki, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Kimura, Yasuyuki
Thermal convection and thermophoresis induced by µm-scale local heating are shown to elongate a single DNA molecule. An infrared laser used as a point heat source is converged into a dispersion...
Dynamical Calling Behavior Experimentally Observed in Japanese Tree Frogs (Hyla japonica) (2007)
AIHARA, Ikkyu, HORAI, Shunsuke, KITAHATA, Hiroyuki, AIHARA, Kazuyuki, YOSHIKAWA, Kenichi
We recorded time series data of calls of Japanese tree frogs (Hyla japonica; Nihon-Ama-Gaeru) and examined the dynamics of the experimentally observed data not only through linear time series...
Plastic bottle oscillator: Rhythmicity and mode bifurcation of fluid flow (2007)
Kohira, Masahiro I., Magome, Nobuyuki, Kitahata, Hiroyuki, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
The oscillatory flow of water draining from an upside-down plastic bottle with a thin pipe attached to its head is studied as an example of a dissipative structure generated under...
Spontaneous Generation of Giant Liposomes from an Oil/Water Interface (2007)
Yamada, Ayako, Le Berre, Maël, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Baigl, Damien
Dissociation of DNA–polycation complexes by polyanions and polyampholytes (2007)
Shew, Chwen-Yang, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Ito, Tomoko, Yoshihara, Chieko, Koyama, Yoshiyuki
Both polyanions and polyampholytes cause the dissociation of DNA–polycation complexes in experiments. To elucidate their mechanisms, Monte Carlo simulations have been conducted on a simple model,...
Elucidation of conformational hysteresis on a giant DNA (2007)
Shew, Chwen-Yang, Higuchi, Yuji, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
The conformational behavior of a giant DNA mediated by condensing agents in the bulk solution has been investigated through experimental and theoretical approaches. Experimentally, a pronounced...
Yoshinaga, Natsuhiko, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
We investigate the folding transition of a single diblock copolymer consisting of a semiflexible and a flexible block. We obtain a Saturn-shaped core-shell conformation in the folded state, in which...
Marked differences in volume phase transitions between gel and single molecule in DNA (2007)
Mayama, H., Nakai, T., Takushi, E., Tsujii, K., Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Volume phase transitions of a DNA gel and a single giant DNA chain caused by spermidine3+ (SPD3+) were investigated. The change in volume for the single DNA (V V0 ∼ 10-5) was four orders of...
Tanaka, Masanobu, Nagahara, Hiroki, Kitahata, Hiroyuki, Krinsky, Valentin, Agladze, Konstantin I., Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Excitable media show changes in their basic characteristics that reflect temporal changes in the environment. In the photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, excitability is decreased by...
Ultradian oscillations of Stat, Smad, and Hes1 expression in response to serum (2007)
Yoshiura, Shigeki, Ohtsuka, Toshiyuki, Takenaka, Yoshiko, Nagahara, Hiroki, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Kageyama, Ryoichiro
Serum response has been used as a model for studying signaling transduction for many biological events such as cell proliferation and survival. Although expression of many genes is up- or...
Yoshinaga, Natsuhiko, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
We investigate the folding transition of a single diblock copolymer consisting of a semiflexible and a flexible block. We obtain a {\it Saturn-shaped} core-shell conformation in the folded state, in...
Elucidation of Conformational Hysteresis on a Giant DNA (2007)
Shew, Chwen-Yang, Higuchi, Yuji, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
The conformational behavior of a giant DNA mediated by condensing agents in the bulk solution has been investigated through experimental and theoretical approaches. Experimentally, a pronounced...
Hizume, Kohji, Araki, Sumiko, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Takeyasu, Kunio
TopoisomeraseII (Topo II) is a major component of chromosomal scaffolds and essential for mitotic chromosome condensation, but the mechanism of this action remains unknown. Here, we used an in vitro...
Shew, Chwen-Yang, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
The diMarzio theory has been extended to elucidate the intermolecular and intramolecular phase segregations of a single flexible chain polyelectrolyte in dilute salt-free solutions. At the long chain...
How are small ions involved in the compaction of DNA molecules? (2007)
Iwaki, Takafumi, Saito, Takuya, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
DNA is a genetic material found in all life on Earth. DNA is composed of four types of nucleotide subunits, and forms a double-helical one-dimensional polyelectrolyte chain. If we focus on the...
Regular self-motion of a liquid droplet powered by the chemical marangoni effect (2007)
Nagai, Ken, Sumino, Yutaka, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
We describe here our recent work on spontaneous regular motion of liquid droplet powered by the chemical Marangoni effect under spatially symmetric conditions. It is shown that a spontaneously...
Zinchenko, Anatoly A., Luckel, François, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
We prepared complexes of giant double-stranded DNA with cationic nanoparticles of 10–40 nm in diameter as an artificial model of chromatin and characterized the properties of changes in their...
Kidoaki, Satoru, Matsuda, Takehisa, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
To investigate the relationship between cellular microelasticity and the structural features of cytoskeletons (CSKs), a microindentation test for apical cell membranes and observation of the...
Cell-free protein synthesis at high temperatures using the lysate of a hyperthermophile (2006)
Endoh, Takashi, Kanai, Tamotsu, Sato, Yuko T., Liu, David V., Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Atomi, Haruyuki, ...
Systems for cell-free protein synthesis available today are usually based on the lysates of either Escherichia coli, wheat germ or rabbit reticulocyte, and protein synthesis reactions using these...
Rhythmic motion of a droplet under a dc electric field (2006)
Hase, Masahiko, Watanabe, Shun N., Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Excitable media show changes in their basic characteristics that reflect temporal changes in the environment. In the photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, excitability is decreased by...
Probing biopolymer conformation by metallization with noble metals (2006)
Chen, Ning, Zinchenko, Anatoly A, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
We propose a novel method for the simple visual (colorimetric) and spectroscopic monitoring of the conformational state of a biopolymer. We present an experimental example of the detection of the...
Toward the stable optical trapping of a droplet with counter laser beams under microgravity (2006)
Isomura, Akihiro, Magome, Nobuyuki, Kohira, Masahiro I., Yoshikawa, Kenichi
To identify the optimum conditions for the optical trapping of a droplet under microgravity, we theoretically analyzed the efficiency of trapping with counter laser beams. We found that the distance...
Sakaue, Takahiro, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Recent single-molecular observations have revealed that a single giant DNA molecule assumes (micro) phase separated structures upon the addition of condensing agents. Electron and atomic force...
Na+ more strongly inhibits DNA compaction by spermidine (3+) than K+ (2006)
Hibino, Kumiko, Yoshikawa, Yuko, Murata, Shizuaki, Saito, Takuya, Zinchenko, Anatoly A., Yoshikawa, Kenichi
The protective effects of alkali metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+) against spermidine-induced DNA compaction were studied using single-molecule observations. We found that all alkali metal salts...
Transport of a cell-sized phospholipid micro-container across water/oil interface (2006)
Hase, Masahiko, Yamada, Ayako, Hamada, Tsutomu, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
When a cell-sized water droplet, with a diameter of several tens of μm, is placed in oil containing phospholipids, a phospholipid monolayer is formed spontaneously on the droplet surface to produce...
Toward the Stable Optical Trapping of a Droplet with Counter Laser Beams under Microgravity (2006)
Isomura, Akihiro, Magome, Nobuyuki, Kohira, Masahiro I., Yoshikawa, Kenichi
To identify the optimum conditions for the optical trapping of a droplet under microgravity, we theoretically analyzed the efficiency of trapping with counter laser beams. We found that the distance...
Micro-Bioreactor Mimicking a Cellular Environment (2006)
Hase, Masahiko, Yamada, Ayako, Hamada, Tsutomu, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
We report that a cell-sized water droplet (CWD) with a diameter of several tens of microns can serve as a micro-biochemical reactor. Since the droplet inner surface is covered by a phospholipid...
Ito, Tomoko, Iida-Tanaka, Naoko, Niidome, Takuro, Kawano, Takahito, Kubo, Koji, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, ...
Hyaluronic acid (HA), a natural anionic mucopolysaccharide, can be deposited onto the cationic surface of DNA/polyethyleneimine (PEI) complexes to recharge the surface potential and reduce...
Actin filament, F -actin, is a semiflexible polymer with a negative charge, and is one of the main constituents of cell membranes. To clarify the effect of cross talk between a phospholipid membrane...
Yoshikawa, Yuko, Hizume, Kohji, Oda, Yoshiko, Takeyasu, Kunio, Araki, Sumiko, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Direct attack to genomic DNA by reactive oxygen species causes various types of lesions, including base modi. cations and strand breaks. The most significant lesion is considered to be an unrepaired...
Elongation/compaction of giant DNA caused by depletion interaction with a flexible polymer (2006)
Kojima, Masahiro, Kubo, K., Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Structural changes in giant DNA induced by the addition of the flexible polymer Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) were examined by the method of single-DNA observation. In dilute DNA conditions, individual...
Transporting of a Cell-Sized Phospholipid Vesicle Across Water/Oil Interface (2006)
Hase, Masahiko, Yamada, Ayako, Hamada, Tsutomu, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
When a cell-sized water droplet, with a diameter of several tens of micro meter, is placed in oil containing phospholipids, a stable cell-sized vesicle is spontaneously formed as a water-in-oil...
Hydrodynamic radius of circular DNA is larger than that of linear DNA (2006)
Araki, Sumiko, Nakai, Tonau, Hizume, Kohji, Takeyasu, Kunio, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
It is generally accepted that linear polymers are larger, such as with regard to the end-to-end distance and gyration radius, than the corresponding circular polymers. We measured the Brownian motion...
Domain-Growth Kinetics in a Cell-sized Liposome (2006)
SAEKI, Daisuke, HAMADA, Tsutomu, YOSHIKAWA, Kenichi
We investigated the kinetics of domain growth on liposomes caused by decreasing the temperature; the liposomes consisted of a ternary mixture (unsaturated phospholipid, saturated phospholipid, and...
Masamizu, Yoshito, Ohtsuka, Toshiyuki, Takashima, Yoshiki, Nagahara, Hiroki, Takenaka, Yoshiko, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, ...
Expression of the bHLH gene Hes1 oscillates stably in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) while transiently in other cells, suggesting that the Hes1 oscillators in the former and the latter could be...
An oil droplet that spontaneously climbs up stairs (2006)
Sumino, Yutaka, Magome, Nobuyuki, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
It has been reported that an oil droplet on a glass surface moves spontaneously in an oil-water system. This motion of an oil droplet can be understood as the spreading of a reactive droplet, which...
Change in the mode of spontaneous motion of an alcohol droplet caused by a temperature change (2006)
Nagai, Ken, Sumino, Yutaka, Kitahata, Hiroyuki, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
An alcohol (pentanol) droplet exhibits spontaneous motion on an aqueous solution, driven by a solutal Marangoni effect. We found that the mode of such droplet motion changes depending on the...
Domain Growth Kinetics in a Cell-sized Liposome (2005)
Saeki, Daisuke, Hamada, Tsutomu, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
We investigated the kinetics of domain growth on liposomes consisting of a ternary mixture (unsaturated phospholipid, saturated phospholipid, and cholesterol) by temperature jump. The domain growth...
Chemosensitive running droplet (2005)
Sumino, Yutaka, Kitahata, Hiroyuki, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Nagayama, Masaharu, Nomura, Shin-Ichiro M., Magome, Nobuyuki, ...
Chemical control of the spontaneous motion of a reactive oil droplet moving on a glass substrate under an aqueous phase is reported. Experimental results show that the self-motion of an oil droplet...
Optical Levitation of a Droplet under Linear Increase of Gravitational Acceleration (2005)
Kohira, Masahiro I., Isomura, Akihiro, Magome, Nobuyuki, Mukai, Sadaatsu, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Optical levitation of a liquid droplet in gas phase was investigated under timedependent change of the gravitational acceleration with specific flight pattern of an airplane. Through multiple trials...
Reversible photo-switching in a cell-sized vesicle (2005)
Hamada, Tsutomu, Sato, Yuko T., Nagasaki, Takeshi, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
A photosensitive amphiphilic molecule can switch the shape of an assembled vesicle as determined by microscopic observation. Photo-isomerization induces a change in membrane fluctuation behavior or a...
Chemo-Sensitive Running Droplet (2005)
Sumino, Yutaka, Nagayama, Masaharu, Kitahata, Hiroyuki, Nomura, Shin-ichiro M., Magome, Nobuyuki, Mori, Yoshihito, ...
Chemical control of the spontaneous motion of a reactive oil droplet moving on a glass substrate under an aqueous phase is reported. Experimental results show that the self-motion of an oil droplet...
Hishida, Mafumi, Seto, Hideki, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Morphological changes in a dry phospholipid film on a solid substrate were studied below and above the main transition temperature, between the gel and liquid-crystalline phases by phase-contrast...
Dynamics of micrometer-scale phase separation in a polymer mixture upon laser irradiation (2005)
Toyama, Hirofumi, Kitahata, Hiroyuki, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Ten $\mu$m -sized droplets in an aqueous-two-phase system (water/ polyethylene-glycol (PEG)/ dextran) dissapear upon irradiation with a focused YAG laser. The interface of the dextran-rich droplet...
Mode Selection in the Spontaneous Motion of an Alcohol Droplet (2005)
Nagai, Ken, Sumino, Yutaka, Kitahata, Hiroyuki, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
An alcohol (pentanol) droplet exhibits spontaneous agitation on an aqueous solution, driven by a solutal Marangoni effect. We found that the droplet's mode of motion is controlled by its volume. A...
Saito, Takuya, Iwaki, Takafumi, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Upon the addition of multivalent cations, a giant DNA chain exhibits a large discrete transition from an elongated coil into a folded compact state. We performed single-chain observation of long DNAs...
Different pathways in mechanical unfolding/folding cycle of a single semiflexible polymer (2004)
Yoshinaga, Natsuhiko, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Ohta, Takao
Kinetics of conformational change of a semiflexible polymer under mechanical external field were investigated with Langevin dynamics simulations. It is found that a semiflexible polymer exhibits...
Entrapping a polymer chain in a light well under a good solvent condition (2004)
Ichikawa, Masatoshi, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Matsuzawa, Yukiko
During the last decade, the laser trapping technique has been actively applied to elucidate the property of macromolecules, DNA, RNA, cytoskeleton fibres, etc. Due to the inherent difficulty in the...
Yamada, Ayako, Kubo, Koji, Nakai, Tonau, Tsumoto, Kanta, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Recently, it has been confirmed that long duplex DNA molecules with sizes larger than several tens of kilo-base pairs (kbp), exhibit a discrete conformational transition from an elongated coil state...
Slowing and stopping of chemical waves in a narrowing canal (2004)
Kitahata, Hiroyuki, Aihara, Ryoichi, Mori, Yoshihito, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
The propagation of a chemical wave in a narrow, cone-shaped glass capillary was investigated. When a chemical wave propagates from the wider end to the narrower end, it slows, stops, and then...
Phase Transition in Reconstituted Chromatin (2004)
Nakai, Tonau, Hizume, Kohji, Yoshimura, Shige. H., Takeyasu, Kunio, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
By observing reconstituted chromatin by fluorescence microscopy (FM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we found that the density of nucleosomes exhibits a bimodal profile, i.e., there is a large...
Self Running Droplet: Emergence of Regular Motion from Nonequilibrium Noise (2004)
Sumino, Yutaka, Magome, Nobuyuki, Hamada, Tsutomu, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Spontaneous motion of an oil droplet driven by chemical nonequilibricity is reported. It is shown that the droplet undergoes regular rhythmic motion under appropriately designed boundary conditions,...
Direction Detector on an Excitable Field: Field Computation with Coincidence Detection (2004)
Nagahara, Hiroki, Ichino, Takatoshi, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Living organisms process information without any central control unit and without any ruling clock. We have been studying a novel computational strategy that uses a geometrically arranged excitable...
Rychkov, Igor, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
A nonequilibrium molecular dynamics computer simulation on microsegregated solutions of symmetrical diblock copolymers is reported. As the polymer concentration increases, the system undergoes phase...
Histone Core Slips along DNA and Prefers Positioning at the Chain End (2001)
Sakaue, Takahiro, Takeyasu, Kunio, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Yoshimura, Shige H.
Fluorescence microscopic visualization of a DNA-cationic fullerene complex (2000)
Yamashita, Kenichi, Iwataki, Toshio, Hatta, Taizo, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Tsuge, Otohiko, Takagi, Makoto, ...
Cationic fullerene derivative 1, which is soluble in aqueous medium, bound to double stranded DNA. Observation of Coliphage T4 DNA in the absence and presence of 1 by fluorescence microscopy...
Folding transition of long duplex DNA from mammalian cells (1999)
Yoshikawa, Yuko, Kanbe, Toshio, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Conformational change in individual giant DNAs from pig liver is studied by use of fluorescence microscopy. With the addition of spermidine (a trivalent amine), each DNA chains undergo abrupt...
Kyoto University (京都大学)
Dielectric Control of Counterion-Induced Single-Chain Folding Transition of DNA
Baigl, Damien, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
In the presence of condensing agents, single chains of giant double-stranded DNA undergo a first-order phase transition between an elongated coil state and a folded compact state. To connect this...
Na+ Shows a Markedly Higher Potential than K+ in DNA Compaction in a Crowded Environment
Zinchenko, Anatoly A., Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Whereas many physicochemical investigations have shown that among monovalent cations Na+ ion possesses minimal potential for DNA binding, biological assays have shown that Na+ ion (in contrast to K+...
Masamizu, Yoshito, Ohtsuka, Toshiyuki, Takashima, Yoshiki, Nagahara, Hiroki, Takenaka, Yoshiko, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, ...
Notch signaling components such as the basic helix-loop-helix gene Hes1 are cyclically expressed by negative feedback in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and constitute the somite segmentation clock....
Dielectric Control of Counterion-Induced Single-Chain Folding Transition of DNA
Baigl, Damien, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
In the presence of condensing agents, single chains of giant double-stranded DNA undergo a first-order phase transition between an elongated coil state and a folded compact state. To connect this...
Na+ Shows a Markedly Higher Potential than K+ in DNA Compaction in a Crowded Environment
Zinchenko, Anatoly A., Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Whereas many physicochemical investigations have shown that among monovalent cations Na+ ion possesses minimal potential for DNA binding, biological assays have shown that Na+ ion (in contrast to K+...
Masamizu, Yoshito, Ohtsuka, Toshiyuki, Takashima, Yoshiki, Nagahara, Hiroki, Takenaka, Yoshiko, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, ...
Notch signaling components such as the basic helix-loop-helix gene Hes1 are cyclically expressed by negative feedback in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and constitute the somite segmentation clock....
Yoshikawa, Yuko, Hizume, Kohji, Oda, Yoshiko, Takeyasu, Kunio, Araki, Sumiko, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
Direct attack to genomic DNA by reactive oxygen species causes various types of lesions, including base modifications and strand breaks. The most significant lesion is considered to be an unrepaired...
Chemosensitive running droplet
Sumino, Yutaka, Kitahata, Hiroyuki, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Nagayama, Masaharu, Nomura, Shin-Ichiro M., Magome, Nobuyuki, ...
Chemical control of the spontaneous motion of a reactive oil droplet moving on a glass substrate under an aqueous phase is reported. Experimental results show that the self-motion of an oil droplet...
Hizume, Kohji, Araki, Sumiko, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Takeyasu, Kunio
TopoisomeraseII (Topo II) is a major component of chromosomal scaffolds and essential for mitotic chromosome condensation, but the mechanism of this action remains unknown. Here, we used an in vitro...
Ultradian oscillations of Stat, Smad, and Hes1 expression in response to serum
Yoshiura, Shigeki, Ohtsuka, Toshiyuki, Takenaka, Yoshiko, Nagahara, Hiroki, Yoshikawa, Kenichi, Kageyama, Ryoichiro
Serum response has been used as a model for studying signaling transduction for many biological events such as cell proliferation and survival. Although expression of many genes is up- or...
Transcription of Giant DNA Complexed with Cationic Nanoparticles as a Simple Model of Chromatin
Zinchenko, Anatoly A., Luckel, François, Yoshikawa, Kenichi
We prepared complexes of giant double-stranded DNA with cationic nanoparticles of 10–40 nm in diameter as an artificial model of chromatin and characterized the properties of changes in their...
ATP-Induced Shrinkage of DNA with MukB Protein and the MukBEF Complex of Escherichia coli▿
Chen, Ning, Zinchenko, Anatoly A., Yoshikawa, Yuko, Araki, Sumiko, Adachi, Shun, Yamazoe, Mitsuyoshi, ...
Fluorescence microscopic observation of individual T4 DNA molecules revealed that the MukBEF complex (bacterial condensin) and its subunit, the MukB (a member of the SMC [structural maintenance of...