Hill, Karen K, Xie, Gary, Foley, Brian T, Smith, Theresa J, Munk, Amy C, Bruce, David, ...
Abstract Background Clostridium botulinum is a taxonomic designation for at least four diverse species that are defined by the expression of one (monovalent) or two (bivalent) of seven different C....
Communicating the value of probabilistic forecasts with Weather Roulette (2009)
Hagedorn, Renate, Smith, Leonard A.
In times of ever increasing financial constraints on public weather services it is of growing importance to communicate the value of their forecasts and products. While many diagnostic tools exist to...
Do Multi-Model Ensemble Forecasts Yield Added Value? (2008)
Liam Clarke, Jochen Broecker, Devin Kilminster, Leonard A. Smith
The THORPEX goal of improving weather forecasts from one day to two weeks suggests the combination of multi-model and multi-initial-condition ensembles of simulations into a probabilistic forecast of...
Morefield, Garry L, Tammariello, Ralph F, Purcell, Bret K, Worsham, Patricia L, Chapman, Jennifer, Smith, Leonard A, ...
Abstract Background Combination vaccines reduce the total number of injections required for each component administered separately and generally provide the same level of disease protection. Yet,...
From ensemble forecasts to predictive distribution functions (2008)
Bröcker, Jochen, Smith, Leonard A.
The translation of an ensemble of model runs into a probability distribution is a common task in model-based prediction. Common methods for such ensemble interpretations proceed as if verification...
The geometry of model error (2008)
Judd, Kevin, Reynolds, Carolyn A., Rosmond, Thomas E., Smith, Leonard A.
This paper investigates the nature of model error in complex deterministic nonlinear systems such as weather forecasting models. Forecasting systems incorporate two components, a forecast model and a...
The role of operational constraints in selecting supplementary observations (2008)
James A. Hansen, Leonard A. Smith
Adaptive observation strategies in numerical weather prediction aim to improve forecasts by exploiting additional observations at locations that are themselves optimized with respect to the current...
Limits to Predictability in 2000 and 2100 (2007)
Leonard A. Smith, Nancy Cartwright
Deterministic chaos is widely thought to place the ultimate limit on our ability to forecast. While chaos certainly limits our ability to predict precise outcomes in the perfect model experiments of...
1 ACCOUNTABILITY AND ERROR IN ENSEMBLE FORECASTING (2007)
Forecast evaluation based on single predictions, each determined from an imperfectly observed initial state, is incomplete; observational uncertainty implies that an ensemble of initial states of the...
The role of operational constraints in selecting supplementary observations (2007)
James A. Hansen, Leonard A. Smith
Adaptive observation strategies in numerical weather prediction aim to improve forecasts by exploiting additional observations at locations that are themselves optimized with respect to the current...
Confidence, uncertainty and decision-support relevance in climate predictions (2007)
Stainforth, D. A., Allen, M. R., Tredger, Edward, Smith, Leonard A.
Over the last 20 years, climate models have been developed to an impressive level of complexity. They are core tools in the study of the interactions of many climatic processes and justifiably...
How good is an ensemble at capturing truth? Using bounding boxes for forecast evaluation (2007)
Judd, Kevin, Smith, Leonard A., Weisheimer, Antje
Ensemble prediction systems aim to account for uncertainties of initial conditions and model error. Ensemble forecasting is sometimes viewed as a method of obtaining (objective) probabilistic...
Increasing the reliability of reliability diagrams (2007)
Bröcker, Jochen, Smith, Leonard A.
The reliability diagram is a common diagnostic graph used to summarize and evaluate probabilistic forecasts. Its strengths lie in the ease with which it is produced and the transparency of its...
Scoring probabilistic forecasts: the importance of being proper (2007)
Bröcker, Jochen, Smith, Leonard A.
Questions remain regarding how the skill of operational probabilistic forecasts is most usefully evaluated or compared, even though probability forecasts have been a long-standing aim in...
Webb, Robert P., Smith, Theresa J., Wright, Patrick M., Montgomery, Vicki A., Meagher, Michael M, Smith, Leonard A.
Recombinant botulinum Hc (rBoNT Hc) vaccines for serotypes C1 and D were produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris and used to determine protection against four distinct BoNT C and D toxin subtypes. Mice...
Carra, John H., Wannemacher, Robert W., Tammariello, Ralph F., Lindsey, Changhong Y., Dinterman, Richard E., Schokman, Rowena D., ...
Ricin is a potent toxin associated with bioterrorism for which no vaccine or specific countermeasures are currently available. A stable, non-toxic and immunogenic recombinant ricin A-chain vaccine...
Lee, John S., Groebner, Jennifer L., Hadjipanayis, Angela G., Negley, Diane L., Schmaljohn, Alan L., Welkos, Susan L., ...
The development of multiagent vaccines offers the advantage of eliciting protection against multiple diseases with minimal inoculations over a shorter time span. We report here the results of using...
Sinha, Jayanta, Inan, Mehmet, Fanders, Sarah, Taoka, Shinichi, Gouthro, Mark, Swanson, Todd, ...
A process was developed for production of a candidate vaccine antigen, recombinant C-terminal heavy chain fragment of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype E, rBoNTE(Hc)in Pichia pastoris. P. pastoris...
Dux, Michael P., Barent, Rick, Sinha, Jayanta, Gouthro, Mark, Swanson, Todd, Barthuli, Ardis, ...
A recombinant C-terminus heavy chain fragment from botulinum neurotoxin serotype E (BoNT/E) is proposed as a vaccine against the serotype E neurotoxin. This fragment, rBoNTE(Hc), was produced...
Weinstein, Scott A., DeWitt, Clement F., Smith, Leonard A.
Venom neutralization properties and protein content of serum from 11 taxa of Lampropeltis were studied. Most serum samples contained 6.5% to 9.5% protein. Lampropeltis g. getulus and L. g. floridana...
Zhang, Wenhui, Sinha, Jayanta, Smith, Leonard A., Inan, Mehmet, Meagher, Michael M.
Pontryagin's Maximum Principle has been applied for optimization of secreted proteins from Pichia pastoris fed-batch fermentation. The objective of this work is to maximize the total accumulated...
Forecasting wave height probabilities with numerical weather prediction models (2005)
Roulston, Mark S, Ellepola, Jerome, Von Hardenberg, Jost, Smith, Leonard A.
Operational weather forecasts now allow two week probabilistic forecasts of wave height. This paper discusses methods for generating such forecasts from numerical model output from the European...
A maximum likelihood estimator for long-range persistence (2005)
Guerrero, Alexandra, Smith, Leonard A.
A wide variety of processes are thought to show “long-range persistence”, specifically an autocorrelation function with power-law decay. A variety of methods have been proposed to quantify this...
Dux, Michael P., Barent, Rick, Sinha, Jayanta, Gouthro, Mark, Swanson, Todd, Barthuli, Ardis, ...
A recombinant C-terminus heavy chain fragment from botulinum neurotoxin serotype E (BoNT/E) is proposed as a vaccine against the serotype E neurotoxin. This fragment, rBoNTE(Hc), was produced...
A new view of forecast skill: bounding boxes from the DEMETER ensemble seasonal forecasts (2005)
Weisheimer, Antje, Smith, Leonard A., Judd, Kevin
Insight into the likely weather several months in advance would be of great economic and societal value. The DEMETER project has made coordinated multi-model, multi-initial-condition simulations of...
Uncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of greenhouse gases (2005)
Stainforth, D. A., Aina, T., Christensen, C., Collins, M., Faull, N., Frame, D. J., ...
The range of possibilities for future climate evolution needs to be taken into account when planning climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. This requires ensembles of multi-decadal...
Indistinguishable states II: the imperfect model scenario (2004)
Judd, Kevin, Smith, Leonard A.
Given a perfect model of a chaotic system and a set of noisy observations of arbitrary duration, it is not possible to determine the state of this system precisely, rather one must consider a set of...
Extending the limits of ensemble forecast verification with the minimum spanning tree (2004)
Smith, Leonard A., Hansen, James A.
Uncertainty in the initial condition is one of the factors that limits the utility of single-model-run predictions of even deterministic nonlinear systems. In practice, an ensemble of initial...
Consistent nonlinear dynamics: identifying model inadequacy (2004)
McSharry, Patrick E., Smith, Leonard A.
Empirical modelling often aims for the simplest model consistent with the data. A new technique is presented which quantifies the consistency of the model dynamics as a function of location in state...
Comparison of a mechanistic model for nucleate boiling with experimental spatio-temporal data (2004)
Golobic, I., Pavlovic, E., Von Hardenberg, J., Berry, M., Nelson, R.A., Kenning, D.B.R., ...
Mechanistic numerical simulations have been developed for pool nucleate boiling involving large groups of nucleation sites that are non-uniformly distributed spatially and have different activation...
Gradient free descent: shadowing, and state estimation using limited derivative informations (2004)
Judd, Kevin, Smith, Leonard A., Weisheimer, Antje
Shadowing trajectories can play an important role in assessing the reliability of forecasting models, they can also play an important role in providing state estimates for ensemble forecasts....
Identification of nucleation site interactions (2004)
Von Hardenberg, Jost, Kenning, David B. R., Xing, Huijuan, Smith, Leonard A.
Simple models of nucleate boiling consider nucleation sites in isolation. In practice, they interact in ways that depend on the distance between them. In this paper, statistical evidence of...
Consistent nonlinear dynamics: identifying model inadequacy (2004)
McSharry, Patrick E., Smith, Leonard A.
Empirical modelling often aims for the simplest model consistent with the data. A new technique is presented which quantifies the consistency of the model dynamics as a function of location in state...
Consistent nonlinear dynamics: identifying model inadequacy (2004)
McSharry, Patrick, Smith, Leonard A
Empirical modelling often aims for the simplest model consistent with the data. A new technique is presented which quantifies the consistency of the model dynamics as a function of location in state...
Finding a new vaccine in the ricin protein fold (2004)
Olson, Mark A., Carra, John H., Roxas-Duncan, Virginia, Wannemacher, Robert W., Smith, Leonard A., Millard, Charles B.
Previous attempts to produce a vaccine for ricin toxin have been hampered by safety concerns arising from residual toxicity, and the undesirable aggregation or precipitation caused by exposure of...
Finding a new vaccine in the ricin protein fold (2004)
Olson, Mark A., Carra, John H., Roxas-Duncan, Virginia, Wannemacher, Robert W., Smith, Leonard A., Millard, Charles B.
Previous attempts to produce a vaccine for ricin toxin have been hampered by safety concerns arising from residual toxicity and the undesirable aggregation or precipitation caused by exposure of...
Finding a new vaccine in the ricin protein fold (2004)
Olson, Mark A., Carra, John H., Roxas-Duncan, Virginia, Wannemacher, Robert W., Smith, Leonard A., Millard, Charles B.
Previous attempts to produce a vaccine for ricin toxin have been hampered by safety concerns arising from residual toxicity, and the undesirable aggregation or precipitation caused by exposure of...
Using medium-range weather forecasts to improve the value of wind energy production (2003)
Roulston, M.S., Kaplan, D.T., Hardenberg, J., Smith, Leonard A.
Zhang, Wenhui, Hywood Potter, Karen J., Plantz, Bradley A., Schlegel, Vicki L., Smith, Leonard A., Meagher, Michael M.
Fed-batch fermentation of a methanol utilization plus (Mut+) Pichia pastoris strain typically has a growth phase followed by a production phase (induction phase). In the growth phase glycerol is...
Johnson, Scott K., Zhang, Wenhui, Smith, Leonard A., Hywood-Potter, Karen J., Swanson, S. Todd, Schlegel, Vicki L., ...
A recombinant heavy chain fragment C of botulinum neurotoxin serotype F (BoNTF(Hc)) has been expressed in Pichia pastoris for use as an antigen in a proposed human vaccine. P. pastoris cells were...
Cloning and Nucleotide Sequences of Crotamine Genes (2003)
Smith, Leonard A., Schmidt, James J.
Cloning and nucleotide sequences of crotamine genes. A cDNA library containing snake toxin genes was constructed in bacteriophage lambda by using MRNA isolated from the glands of the South American...
A dynamical model for generating synthetic electrocardiogram signals (2003)
McSharry, P. E., Clifford, G. D., Tarassenko, L., Smith, Leonard A.
Leonard A. Smith, James A. Hansen
Uncertainty in the initial condition is one of the factors that limits the utility of single-model-run predictions of even deterministic nonlinear systems. In practice, an ensemble of initial...
A dynamical model for generating synthetic electrocardiogram signals (2003)
Patrick E. Mcsharry, Gari D. Clifford, Lionel Tarassenko, Leonard A. Smith
Abstract—A dynamical model based on three coupled ordinary differential equations is introduced which is capable of generating realistic synthetic electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The operator can...
A method for generating an artificial RR tachogram of a typical healthy human over 24-hours (2002)
McSharry, Patrick E., Clifford, G. D., Tarassenko, L., Smith, Leonard A.
An algorithm that generates realistic synthetic 24-hour RR-tachograms by including both cardiovascular interactions and transitions between physiological states is presented. Fluctuations in the beat...
McSharry, Patrick E., Ellepola, Jerome H., Von Hardenberg, Jost, Smith, Leonard A., Kenning, David B. R., Judd, Kevin
What might we learn from Climate Forecasts? (2002)
Leonard Smith Centre, Leonard A. Smith, Nancy Cartwright
Character Count: 39955 = text (detex) + (120 + 60) * 8 equations Laws, where they do apply, hold only ceteris paribus. Nancy Cartwright [1] The traditional approach to climate modelling is to build...
Model error in weather forecasting (2001)
Orrell, D., Smith, Leonard A., Barkmeijer, J., Palmer, T. N.
Zhang, Wenhui, Bevins, Mark A., Plantz, Bradley A., Smith, Leonard A., Meagher, Michael M
An unstructured growth model for the recombinant methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris Mut+ expressing the heavy-chain fragment C of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A [BoNT/A(Hc)], was successfully...
The role of operational constraints in selecting supplementary observations (2000)
Hansen, James A., Smith, Leonard A.
Adaptive observation strategies in numerical weather prediction aim to improve forecasts by exploiting additional observations at locations that are themselves optimized with respect to the current...
Localized Lyapunov exponents and the prediction of predictability (2000)
Ziehmann, Christine, Smith, Leonard A., Kurths, Jürgen
Every forecast should include an estimate of its likely accuracy, a current measure of predictability. Two distinct types of localized Lyapunov exponents based on infinitesimal uncertainty dynamics...
Potter, Karen J., Zhang, Wenhui, Smith, Leonard A., Meagher, Michael M
A recombinant Hc fragment of botulinum neurotoxin, serotype A (rBoNTA(Hc)), has been successfully expressed in a Mutt strain of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris for use as an antigen in a...
Development of Vaccines for Prevention of Botulism (2000)
Byrne, Michael P., Smith, Leonard A.
Botulism is a potentially lethal disease caused by one of seven homologous neurotoxic proteins usually produced by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. This neuromuscular disorder occurs through an...
Disentangling uncertainty and error: On the predictability of nonlinear systems (2000)
Chaos places no a priori restrictions on predictability: any uncertainty in the initial condition can be evolved and then quantied as a function of forecast time. If a specied accuracy at a given...
The Role of Operational Constraints in Selecting Supplementary Observations (2000)
James Hansen Space, James A. Hansen, Ox Qx, Leonard A. Smith, Short Title
. Adaptive observation strategies in numerical weather prediction aim to improve forecasts by exploiting additional observations, at locations which are themselves determined by the current state of...
Better Nonlinear Models from Noisy Data: Attractors with Maximum Likelihood (1999)
McSharry, Patrick E., Smith, Leonard A.
A new approach to nonlinear modelling is presented which, by incorporating the global behaviour of the model, lifts shortcomings of both least squares and total least squares parameter estimates....
Better nonlinear models from noisy data: attractors with maximum likelihood (1999)
McSharry, Patrick E., Smith, Leonard A.
A new approach to nonlinear modeling is presented which, by incorporating the global behavior of the model, lifts shortcomings of both least squares and total least squares parameter estimates....
Uncertainty dynamics and predictability in chaotic systems (1999)
Smith, Leonard A., Ziehmann, C., Fraedrich, K.
An initial uncertainty in the state of a chaotic system is expected to grow even under a perfect model; the dynamics of this uncertainty during the early stages of its evolution are investigated. A...
The bootstrap and Lyapunov exponents in deterministic chaos (1999)
Ziehmann, Christine, Smith, Leonard A., Kurths, Jürgen
Inasmuch as Lyapunov exponents provide a necessary condition for chaos in a dynamical system, confidence bounds on estimated Lyapunov exponents are of great interest. Estimates derived either from...
Lacunarity and Period-doubling (1999)
Paul Glendinning, Leonard A. Smith
A functional equation of the form a f x f bx has general solution f x logx x where logx is periodic with period logb. In scaling functions reflecting the mass distribution of self-similar fractal...
Synchronized chaos in coupled double disk homopolar dynamos (1998)
Moroz, Irene M., Smith, Leonard A., Hide, Raymond
Symmetrically coupled systems of N self-exciting Faraday disk homopolar dynamos have been proposed by Hide [1997] as a testbed for both the analytical and numerical study of the dynamics of coupled...
Bougis, Pierre E., Rochat, Herve, Smith, Leonard A.
WE isolated full-length cDNA clones encoding Androctonu s australis scorpion neurotoxins active in mammals or insects. Sequence analysis of the cDNAs revealed that precursors of toxins contained...
Jiang, Ming-Shi, Fletcher, Jeffrey E., Smith, Leonard A.
At a low concentration of Naja naja kaouthia cardiotoxin (3 microns) Ca(2+), Sr(2+), and Ba(2+) (2 nM), had little to no effect on Tritium -deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (3H-dGlu-6-p) or hemoglobin...
Preliminary Fractionation of Tiger Rattlesnake (Crotalus tigris) Venom, (1998)
Weinstein, Scott A., Smith, Leonard A.
The crude venom had low protease activity, lacked hemolytic activity and had an ionization potential Lethal dose of 0.070 milligram/kilogram for mice. Lethal fractions obtained by anion and cation...
Weinstein, Scott A., Lafaye, Pierre J., Smith, Leonard A.
Venom neutralizing capacity of serum from the northern copperhead Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen was studied. Crude serum neutralized the hemorrhagic, proteolytic and lethal activity of A. c. mokasen...
Isolation of a Toxin from Venom of Wagler's Pit Viper Trimeresurus wagleri, (1998)
Weinstein, Scott A., Bernheimer, Alan W., Smith, Leonard A.
A lethal toxin was isolated from Trimeresurus wagleri venom by fast protein liquid chromatography (molecular sieve) and Biorex-70 cation exchange. The toxin had an M(r) of approximately 9.5 kD, a pl...
Cloning, Characterization, and Expression of Animal Toxin Genes for Vaccine Development. (1998)
Gene libraries have been constructed from the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) isolated from venom glands of different poisonous animals such as snakes, scorpions, and snails. The gene banks thus...
Finding a New Vaccine in the Ricin Protein Fold (1998)
Olson, Mark A., Carra, John H., Roxas-Duncan, Virginia, Wannemacher, Robert W., Smith, Leonard A.
Previous attempts to produce a vaccine for ricin toxin have been hampered by safety concerns arising from residual toxicity, and the undesirable aggregation or precipitation caused by exposure of...
Expression and Purification of Clostridium botulinum Type B Light Chain (1998)
Gilsdorf, Janice, Gul, Nizamettin, Smith, Leonard A.
A full-length synthetic gene encoding the light chain of botulinum neurotoxin serotype B, approximately 50kDa (BoNT/B LC), has been cloned into a bacterial expression vector pET24a+. BoNT/B LC was...
Local random analogue prediction of nonlinear processes (1997)
Paparella, F., Provenzale, A., Smith, Leonard A., Taricco, C., Vio, R.
Given that is not possible to predict the precise evolution of either stochastic processes or chaotic processes from observations, a data-based algorithm with minimal model-structure constraints is...
Optimal filtering in singular spectrum analysis (1997)
Allen, Myles R., Smith, Leonard A.
Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) provides a robust method of separating an arbitrary signal from “white” (independent, identically distributed) noise. In the presence of “coloured” noise, or...
Monte Carlo SSA: detecting irregular oscillations in the presence of colored noise (1996)
Allen, Myles R., Smith, Leonard A.
Singular systems (or singular spectrum) analysis (SSA) was originally proposed for noise reduction in the analysis of experimental data and is now becoming widely used to identify intermittent or...
Anomalous convergence of Lyapunov exponent estimates (1995)
Theiler, James, Smith, Leonard A.
Numerical experiments reveal that estimates of the Lyapunov exponent for the logistic map xt+1=f(xt)=4xt(1-xt) are anomalously precise: they are distributed with a standard deviation that scales as...
Anomalous convergence of Lyapunov exponent estimates (1995)
James Theiler, L. Smith, Leonard A. Smith
this paper. Work by JT is performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy, and is partially funded by grant from the National Institute of Mental Health 1-R01-MH47184; LAS is supported by...
Identification and prediction of low dimensional dynamics (1992)
This contribution focuses upon extracting information from dynamic reconstructions of experimental time series data. In addition to the problem of distinguishing between deterministic dynamics and...
Distinguishing between low-dimensional dynamics and randomness in measured time series (1992)
Provenzale, A., Smith, Leonard A., Vio, R., Murante, G.
The success of current attempts to distinguish between low-dimensional chaos and random behavior in a time series of observations is considered. First we discuss stationary stochastic processes which...
Intrinsic limits on dimension calculations (1988)
The combined influences of boundary effects at large scales and nonzero nearest neighbor separations at small scales are used to compute intrinsic limits on the minimum size of a data set required...
Lacunarity and intermittency in fluid turbulence (1986)
Smith, Leonard A., Fournier, J. D., Spiegel, E. A.
Oscillations in the high-order moments of turbulent velocity fields are inherent to the fractal character of intermittent turbulence. Such oscillations are a feature of the lacunarity of fractal sets.
Improved analytic characterization of ultraviolet skylight (1980)
Green, A. E. S., Cross, K. R., Smith, Leonard A.
We present an improved analytic characterization of diffuse spectral irradiance (skylight) for the wavelength range 280–380 nm and solar zenith angle range from 0 to 85°. The formulas achieve...
Preparation and properties of insolubilized restriction endonucleases (1978)
Lee, Yan-Hwa, Blakesley, Robert W., Smith, Leonard A., Chirikjian, Jack G.
Type II restriction endonucleases Bam HI and Eco RI were covalently coupled to Sepharose. These insolubilized enzymes generated fragment patterns for several viral DNAs identical to those produced by...
Clostridium perfringens Iota-Toxin: Mapping of Receptor Binding and Ia Docking Domains on Ib
Marvaud, Jean-Christophe, Smith, Theresa, Hale, Martha L., Popoff, Michel R., Smith, Leonard A., Stiles, Bradley G.
Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is a binary toxin consisting of iota a (Ia), an ADP-ribosyltransferase that modifies actin, and iota b (Ib), which binds to a cell surface protein and translocates...
Lee, John S., Pushko, Peter, Parker, Michael D., Dertzbaugh, Mark T., Smith, Leonard A., Smith, Jonathan F.
A candidate vaccine against botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) was developed by using a Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus replicon vector. This vaccine vector is composed of a...
Byrne, Michael P., Smith, Theresa J., Montgomery, Vicki A., Smith, Leonard A.
Recombinant botulinum neurotoxin serotype A binding domain [BoNT/A(Hc)], expressed in Pichia pastoris, was developed as a vaccine candidate for preventing botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A)...
What might we learn from climate forecasts?
Most climate models are large dynamical systems involving a million (or more) variables on big computers. Given that they are nonlinear and not perfect, what can we expect to learn from them about...
Clostridium perfringens Iota-Toxin: Mapping of Receptor Binding and Ia Docking Domains on Ib
Marvaud, Jean-Christophe, Smith, Theresa, Hale, Martha L., Popoff, Michel R., Smith, Leonard A., Stiles, Bradley G.
Clostridium perfringens iota-toxin is a binary toxin consisting of iota a (Ia), an ADP-ribosyltransferase that modifies actin, and iota b (Ib), which binds to a cell surface protein and translocates...
Lee, John S., Pushko, Peter, Parker, Michael D., Dertzbaugh, Mark T., Smith, Leonard A., Smith, Jonathan F.
A candidate vaccine against botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) was developed by using a Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus replicon vector. This vaccine vector is composed of a...
Byrne, Michael P., Smith, Theresa J., Montgomery, Vicki A., Smith, Leonard A.
Recombinant botulinum neurotoxin serotype A binding domain [BoNT/A(Hc)], expressed in Pichia pastoris, was developed as a vaccine candidate for preventing botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A)...
What might we learn from climate forecasts?
Most climate models are large dynamical systems involving a million (or more) variables on big computers. Given that they are nonlinear and not perfect, what can we expect to learn from them about...
Smith, Theresa J., Hill, Karen K., Foley, Brian T., Detter, John C., Munk, A. Christine, Bruce, David C., ...
Macdonald, Thomas E., Helma, Charles H., Ticknor, Lawrence O., Jackson, Paul J., Okinaka, Richard T., Smith, Leonard A., ...
Ten variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) regions identified within the complete genomic sequence of Clostridium botulinum strain ATCC 3502 were used to characterize 59 C. botulinum strains of the...
Morefield, Garry L, Tammariello, Ralph F, Purcell, Bret K, Worsham, Patricia L, Chapman, Jennifer, Smith, Leonard A, ...
Kalb, Suzanne R., Lou, Jianlong, Garcia-Rodriguez, Consuelo, Geren, Isin N., Smith, Theresa J., Moura, Hercules, ...
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are extremely potent toxins that are capable of causing death or respiratory failure leading to long-term intensive care. Treatment includes serotype-specific...
Roxas-Duncan, Virginia, Enyedy, Istvan, Montgomery, Vicki A., Eccard, Vanessa S., Carrington, Marco A., Lai, Huiguo, ...
An integrated strategy that combined in silico screening and tiered biochemical assays (enzymatic, in vitro, and ex vivo) was used to identify and characterize effective small-molecule inhibitors of...