Bone stress injury of the ankle in professional ballet dancers seen on MRI (2008)
Elias, Ilan, Zoga, Adam C, Raikin, Steven M, Peterson, Judith R, Besser, Marcus P, Morrison, William B, ...
Abstract Background Ballet Dancers have been shown to have a relatively high incidence of stress fractures of the foot and ankle. It was our objective to examine MR imaging patterns of bone marrow...
Posterior longitudinal ligament status in cervical spine bilateral facet dislocations (2005)
Carrino, John A., Manton, Geoffrey L., Morrison, William B., Vaccaro, Alex R., Schweitzer, Mark E., Flanders, Adam E.
Objective: It is generally accepted that cervical spine bilateral facet dislocation results in complete disruption of the posterior longitudinal ligament. The goal of this study was to evaluate the...
working paper FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF CLEVELAND (1999)
Erica L. Groshen, Mark E. Schweitzer
This paper was prepared for the conference "Labor Markets and Macroeconomics: Microeconomic Perspectives", sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, October 22-23, 1998. The authors thank...
Identifying Inflation's Grease and Sand Effects in the Labor Market (1997)
Erica L. Groshen, Mark E. Schweitzer
Inflation has been accused of causing distortionary price and wage fluctuations (sand) as well as lauded for facilitating adjustments to shocks when wages are rigid downwards (grease). This paper...
Sectoral Wage Convergence: A NONPARAMETRIC DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS (1996)
The large shift of U.S. employment from goods producers to service producers has generated concern over future income distribution, because of perceived large relative pay differences. This paper...
Ready, willing, and able? Measuring labour availability in the UK
The unemployment rate is commonly assumed to measure labour availability, but this ignores the fact that potential workers frequently come from outside the current set of labour market participants,...
William T. Dickens, Lorenz Goette, Erica L. Groshen, Steinar Holden, Julian Messina, Mark E. Schweitzer, ...
Inflation can “grease” the wheels of economic adjustment in the labor market by relieving the constraint imposed by downward nominal wage rigidity, but not if there is also substantial downward...
Mark E. Schweitzer, Adam D. Werner
An examination of the problems that arise when the government attempts to formulate economic policies having multiple objectives--in this case, reducing the nation's energy consumption and its...
Looking back at slow employment growth
Kristin M. Roberts, Mark E. Schweitzer
An analysis of slower-than-normal employment growth in the post-1991 economic recovery, examining trends at both the state and national level and finding a widespread weakness in the rate of job...
Are service-sector jobs inferior?
An argument that the wage gap between the service-producing and goods-producing sectors has narrowed to the point that the service industries now offer wage opportunities very similar to those in...
Another look at part-time employment
A study that disputes recent reports claiming that undesirable and low-paying part-time jobs are overtaking full-time work, explaining how these reports overlook expansion in the labor force, confuse...
Paths to prosperity: knowledge is key for Fourth District states
Paul W. Bauer, Mark E. Schweitzer
Even as per capita income has increased across the United States, differences among states’ incomes remain. What are the sources of these remaining differences? This Commentary identifies and...
How wages change : micro evidence from the International Wage Flexibility Project
William T. Dickens, Lorenz Goette, Erica L. Groshen, Steinar Holden, Julian Messina, Mark E. Schweitzer, ...
How do the complex institutions involved in wage setting affect wage changes? The International Wage Flexibility Project provides new microeconomic evidence on how wages change for continuing...
How wages change: micro evidence from the international wage flexibility project
William T. Dickens, Lorenz Goette, Erica L. Groshen, Steinar Holden, Julian Messina, Mark E. Schweitzer, ...
How do the complex institutions involved in wage setting affect wage changes? The International Wage Flexibility Project provides new microeconomic evidence on how wages change for continuing...
Understanding the persistence of poverty
Mark E. Schweitzer, Peter Rupert
Millions of U.S. citizens continue to live in poverty within one of the wealthiest and most productive nations in the world. The Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland's 2006 Annual Report reviews some of...
Wage flexibility in Britain: some micro and macro evidence
This paper uses the British New Earnings Survey (NES) to derive both macro and micro measures of wage rigidities. The data set spans the 1975-2000 period, with wage observations covering...
Altered states: a perspective on 75 years of state income growth
Paul W. Bauer, Mark E. Schweitzer, Scott Shane
According to a study featured in the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland's 2005 Annual Report, differences in state income levels can be explained largely by two factors: innovation and workforce...
Regional wage convergence and divergence: adjusting wages for cost-of- living differences
Randall W. Eberts, Mark E. Schweitzer
An examination of the divergence of U.S. regional fortunes in the early 1980s, showing that once regional prices are factored in, relative wage rates continue to converge across regions. The trend in...
Earnings, education and experience
Peter Rupert, Mark E. Schweitzer, Eric Severance-Lossin, Erin Turner
Education ; Wages
Workforce composition and earnings inequality
A presentation of a model that incorporates many factors simultaneously -- including education, experience, and industry choice -- to explain the growing disparity in Americans earnings. Its main...
Will electricity deregulation push inflation lower?
Mark E. Schweitzer, Eric C. Thompson
Deregulation of electricity generation will offer consumers many advantages, including dramatically lower energy costs. From a macroeconomic viewpoint, electricity purchases are interesting because...
Bone stress injury of the ankle in professional ballet dancers seen on MRI
Elias, Ilan, Zoga, Adam C, Raikin, Steven M, Peterson, Judith R, Besser, Marcus P, Morrison, William B, ...
How Wages Change: Micro Evidence from the International Wage Flexibility Project
William T. Dickens, Lorenz Goette, Erica L. Groshen, Steinar Holden, Julian Messina, Mark E. Schweitzer, ...
Workers' wages are not set in a spot market. Instead, the wages of most workers—at least those who do not switch jobs—typically change only annually and are mediated by a complex set of...
State employment 1995: slowing to a recession?
Mark E. Schweitzer, Kristin M. Roberts
An appraisal of the health of the national economy based on the final state employment figures for 1995. The authors find that although employment growth has tapered off throughout the United States,...
Wage inflation and worker uncertainty
Compares two possible explanations of why pay increases continue to be moderate in a vigorous labor market--workers' uncertainty about their jobs and human resource managers' wage-setting...
Productivity measures and the "new economy"
John B. Carlson, Mark E. Schweitzer
The U.S. economy's recent extraordinary performance has led some to claim that trend output growth is accelerating to a much higher rate than any we have experienced in a quarter century; they also...
Productivity gains during business cycles: what's normal?
Labor productivity growth is generally acknowledged to be procyclical. The author reviews the leading explanations for this, then uses two approaches to compare the time pattern of productivity gains...
Productivity gains: how permanent?
Paul W. Bauer, Jeffrey L. Jensen, Mark E. Schweitzer
This Economic Commentary confirms that productivity growth has been unusually robust over the last few years and explores reasonable assumptions about the likely future pattern of productivity...
How wages change - micro evidence from the International Wage Flexibility Project
William T. Dickens, Lorenz Götte, Erica L. Groshen, Steinar Holden, Julián Messina, Mark E. Schweitzer, ...
How do the complex institutions involved in wage setting affect wage changes? The International Wage Flexibility Project provides new microeconomic evidence on how wages change for continuing...
How Wages Change: Micro Evidence from the International Wage Flexibility Project
William T. Dickens, Lorenz Goette, Erica L. Groshen, Steinar Holden, Julián Messina, Mark E. Schweitzer, ...
How do the complex institutions involved in wage setting affect wage changes? The International Wage Flexibility Project provides new microeconomic evidence on how wages change for continuing...
Inflation goals: guidance from the labor market?
Erica L. Groshen, Mark E. Schweitzer
As inflation rates in the United States decline, analysts are asking if there are economic reasons to hold the rates at levels above zero. A study of inflation's effects on the labor market suggests...
The effects of inflation on wage adjustments in firm-level data: grease or sand?
Erica L. Groshen, Mark E. Schweitzer
This paper studies the effects of inflation on wage changes made by firms in a unique thirty-seven-year panel of occupations and employers drawn from the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Community...
Identifying inflation's grease and sand effects in the labor market
Erica L. Groshen, Mark E. Schweitzer
Inflation has been accused of causing distortionary prices and wage fluctuations (sand) as well as lauded for facilitating adjustments to shocks when wages are rigid downwards (grease). This paper...
Accounting for earnings inequality in a diverse work force
A general decomposition of earnings inequality is applied to the complete full-time labor force, including minorities and women. The results confirm that education premiums were the largest...
The effects of inflation on wage adjustments in firm-level data: grease or sand?
Erica L. Groshen, Mark E. Schweitzer
An analysis of whether inflation facilitates adjustments to shocks or distorts relative prices, examining the wage-setting process across a panel of occupations and employers and finding that the...
Sectoral wage convergence: a nonparametric distributional analysis
An examination of the relative shapes of the wage distribution in the U.S. goods-producing and service-producing sectors that uses a nonparametric measure of density overlap to analyze wage...
Mark E. Schweitzer, Eric K. Severance-Lossin
A report showing that although rounding in earnings data is typically ignored, its systematic nature affects some commonly used statistics based on earnings data, particularly those focusing on a...
Macro- and microeconomic consequences of wage rigidity
Erica L. Groshen, Mark E. Schweitzer
An exploration of the micro- and macroeconomic theories, implications, and evidence of wage rigidity from the perspective of human resource managers and economic researchers, showing that human...
Sectoral wage convergence: a nonparametric distributional analysis
A nonparametric analysis of the similarity between goods and services wage densities, applying kernel density estimates and an overlap statistic to U.S. weekly full-time wages from 1969 to 1993.
Identifying inflations grease and sand effects in the labor market
Erica L. Groshen, Mark E. Schweitzer
An effort to distinguish inflations distortionary effects from its facilitation of adjustments to shocks when wages are rigid downward. It uses the following identification strategy:...
Firms' wage adjustments: a break from the past?
Erica L. Groshen, Mark E. Schweitzer
The authors examine 39 years of wage data for workers in mobile occupations within a set of employers in three midwestern cities. They study wage changes during years of rising, falling, and steady...
The incidence of nominal and real wage rigidities in Great Britain: 1978–1998
Richard D. Barwell, Mark E. Schweitzer
This paper analyzes the extent of rigidities in wage setting in Great Britain over the 1980s and 1990s. Our estimation strategy, which generalizes the work of Altonji and Devereux (2000), models the...
State growth empirics: the long-run determinants of state income growth
Paul W. Bauer, Mark E. Schweitzer, Scott Shane
Real average U.S. per capita personal income growth over the last 65 years exceeded a remarkable 400 percent. Also notable over this period is that the stark income differences across states have...
How wages change: micro evidence from the International Wage Flexibility Project
William T. Dickens, Lorenz Goette, Erica L. Groshen, Steinar Holden, Julian Messina, Mark E. Schweitzer, ...
How do the complex institutions involved in wage setting affect wage changes? The International Wage Flexibility Project provides new microeconomic evidence on how wages change for continuing...
Does wage inflation cause price inflation?
Gregory D. Hess, Mark E. Schweitzer
Is there any evidence to support the assumption that increased wages cause inflation? This study updates and expands earlier research into this question and finds little support for the view that...