Martha P. Haynes

Are Newly Discovered HI High Velocity Clouds Minihalos in the Local Group? (2009)

Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Kent, Brian R., Adams, Elizabeth K.

A set of HI sources extracted from the north Galactic polar region by the ongoing ALFALFA survey has properties that are consistent with the interpretation that they are associated with isolated...

The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: VIII. HI Source Catalog of the Anti-Virgo Region at dec = +25 deg (2009)

Martin, Ann, Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Saintonge, Amelie, Hoffman, G. Lyle, Kent, Brian R., ...

We present a fourth catalog of HI sources from the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) Survey. We report 541 detections over 136 deg2, within the region of the sky having 22h < R.A. < 03h and 24 deg <...

The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey VII: A Neutral Hydrogen Cloud Complex in the Virgo Cluster (2008)

Kent, Brian R., Spekkens, Kristine, Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Momjian, Emmanuel, Cortes, Juan R., ...

We present observations of an HI cloud complex most likely located in the Virgo galaxy cluster, first reported by Kent et al. (2007). The complex consists of five clouds, detected in the data set of...

A Pilot Survey of HI in Field Galaxies at Redshift z~0.2 (2008)

Catinella, Barbara, Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Gardner, Jeffrey P., Connolly, Andrew J.

We present the first results of a targeted survey carried out with the 305 m Arecibo telescope to detect HI-line emission from galaxies at redshift z>0.16. The targets, selected from the Sloan...

The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: VI. Second HI Source Catalog of the Virgo Cluster Region (2008)

Kent, Brian R., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Martin, Ann M., Saintonge, Amélie, Stierwalt, Sabrina, ...

We present the third installment of HI sources extracted from the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA extragalactic survey. This dataset continues the work of the Virgo ALFALFA catalog. The catalogs and spectra...

The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) Extragalactic HI Survey (2008)

Haynes, Martha P., Team, The ALFALFA

The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) survey is a program aimed at obtaining a census of HI-bearing objects over a cosmologically significant volume of the local universe. When complete in ~3-4...

Conference Summary: HI Science in the Next Decade (2008)

Haynes, Martha P.

The atomic hydrogen (HI) 21cm line measures the gas content within and around galaxies, traces the dark matter potential and probes volumes and objects that other surveys do not. Over the next...

HI content and other structural properties of galaxies in the Virgo cluster from the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey (2008)

Gavazzi, Giuseppe, Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Fabello, Silvia, Fumagalli, Michele, Kent, Brian R., ...

We report the results of an HI blind survey of 80deg^2 of the Virgo cluster, based on the 08deg < delta < 16 deg strip of ALFALFA, the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey. 187 HI sources of high...

ALFALFA: The Search for (Almost) Dark Galaxies and their Space Distribution (2008)

Haynes, Martha P.

The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) survey is designed to explore the z=0 HI mass function (HIMF) over a cosmologically significant volume. ALFALFA will improve on previous determinations of the...

Large-Scale Power Spectrum and Cosmological Parameters from SFI Peculiar Velocities (2007)

Wolfram Freudling, Idit Zehavi, Avishai Dekel, Amiram Eldar, Riccardo Giovanelli, ...

We estimate the power spectrum of mass density fluctuations from peculiar velocities of galaxies by applying an improved maximum-likelihood technique to the new all-sky SFI catalog. Parametric models...

Accepted by the Astronomical Journal Tests of the Tully-Fisher Relation I: Scatter in Infrared Magnitude vs 21 cm Width (2007)

Gary M. Bernstein, Puragra Guhathakurta, Somak Raychaudhury, Riccardo Giovanelli, Martha P. Haynes, Terry Herter, ...

We examine the precision of the Tully-Fisher relation (TFR) using a sample of galaxies in the Coma region of the sky, and find that it is good to 5 % or better in measuring relative distances. Total...

The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: V. HI Source Catalog of the Anti-Virgo Region at dec=27 degrees (2007)

Saintonge, Amelie, Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Hoffman, G. Lyle, Kent, Brian R., Martin, Ann M., ...

We present a second catalog of HI sources detected in the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey. We report 488 detections over 135 square degrees, within the region of the sky having 22h

HI Cosmology in the Local Universe with ALFALFA (2007)

Haynes, Martha P.

The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) survey is an on-going second generation blind extragalactic HI survey exploiting Arecibo's superior sensitivity, angular resolution and digital technology to...

The ALFALFA Search for (Almost) Dark Galaxies across the HI Mass Function (2007)

Haynes, Martha P.

The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) survey is a second generation blind extragalactic HI survey currently in progess which is exploiting Arecibo's superior sensitivity, angular resolution and...

Optically Unseen HI Detections towards the Virgo Cluster detected in the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey (2007)

Kent, Brian R., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Saintonge, Amelie, Stierwalt, Sabrina, Balonek, Thomas, ...

We report the discovery by the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) survey of eight HI features not coincident with stellar counterparts in the Virgo Cluster region. All of the HI clouds have cz < 3000...

NGC 4254: An Act of Harassment Uncovered by the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey (2007)

Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Kent, Brian R.

We present an HI map constructed from the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) survey of the surroundings of the strongly asymmetric Virgo cluster Sc galaxy NGC 4254. Noted previously for its lopsided...

Diffuse HI Disks in Isolated Galaxies (2007)

Hogg, David E., Roberts, Morton S., Haynes, Martha P., Maddalena, Ronald J.

In order to investigate the contribution of diffuse components to their total HI emission, we have obtained high precision HI line flux densities with the 100m Green Bank Telescope for a sample of...

SFI++ II: A New I-band Tully-Fisher Catalog, Derivation of Peculiar Velocities and Dataset Properties (2007)

Springob, Christopher M., Masters, Karen L., Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Marinoni, Christian

We present the SFI++ dataset, a homogeneously derived catalog of photometric and rotational properties and the Tully-Fisher distances and peculiar velocities derived from them. We make use of digital...

Rotational Widths for Use in the Tully-Fisher Relation. II. The Impact of Surface Brightness (2007)

Catinella, Barbara, Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo

Using a large sample of spiral galaxies for which 21 cm single-dish and/or long-slit optical spectra are available, we make a detailed comparison between various estimates of rotational widths....

SFI++ I: A New I-band Tully-Fisher Template, the Cluster Peculiar Velocity Dispersion and H0 (2006)

Masters, Karen L., Springob, Christopher M., Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo

The SFI++ consists of ~5000 spiral galaxies which have measurements suitable for the application of the I-band Tully-Fisher (TF) relation. This sample builds on the SCI and SFI samples published in...

Multi-wavelength Study of Galaxy Rotation Curves and its Application to Cosmology (2006)

Saintonge, Amelie, Marinoni, Christian, Masters, Karen L., Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Contini, Thierry

Rotation information for spiral galaxies can be obtained through the observation of different spectral lines. While the Halpha(6563 A) line is often used for galaxies with low to moderate redshifts,...

Template Rotation Curves for Disk Galaxies (2005)

Catinella, Barbara, Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P.

A homogeneous sample of ~2200 low redshift disk galaxies with both high sensitivity long-slit optical spectroscopy and detailed I-band photometry is used to construct average, or template, rotation...

Multi-wavelength Study of Galaxy Rotation Curves and its Application to Cosmology (2005)

Saintonge, Amelie, Marinoni, Christian, Masters, Karen L., Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Contini, Thierry

Rotation information for spiral galaxies can be obtained through the observation of different spectral lines. While the Halpha(6563 A) line is often used for galaxies with low to moderate redshifts,...

The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: II. Results of Precursor Observations (2005)

Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Kent, Brian R., Perillat, Philip, Catinella, Barbara, Hoffman, G. Lyle, ...

In preparation for the full Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA extragalactic HI survey, precursor observations were carried out in Aug--Sep 2004 with the 7-beam Arecibo L-band feed array (ALFA) receiver system...

The Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA Survey: I. Science Goals, Survey Design and Strategy (2005)

Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Kent, Brian R.

The recently initiated Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA (ALFALFA) survey aims to map 7000 square degrees of the high galactic latitude sky visible from Arecibo, providing a HI line spectral database covering...

Rotational Widths for Use in the Tully-Fisher Relation. I. Long-slit Spectroscopic Data (2005)

Catinella, Barbara, Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo

We present new long-slit Halpha spectroscopy for 403 non-interacting spiral galaxies, obtained at the Palomar Observatory 5 m Hale telescope, which is used to derive well-sampled optical rotation...

A Digital Archive of HI 21 cm Line Spectra of Optically-targeted Galaxies (2005)

Springob, Christopher M., Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Kent, Brian R.

We present a homogeneous compilation of HI spectral parameters extracted from global 21 cm line spectra for some 9000 galaxies in the local universe (heliocentric velocity -200 < V_Sun < 28,000 km/s)...

The Cusp/Core Problem in Galactic Halos: Long-Slit Spectra for a Large Dwarf Galaxy Sample (2005)

Spekkens, Kristine, Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P.

We derive inner dark matter halo density profiles for a sample of 165 low-mass galaxies using rotation curves obtained from high-quality, long-slit optical spectra assuming minimal disks and...

Multi-wavelength Study of Galaxy Rotation Curves and its Application to Cosmology (2005)

Saintonge, Amelie, Marinoni, Christian, Masters, Karen L., Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Contini, Thierry

Rotation information for spiral galaxies can be obtained through the observation of different spectral lines. While the Halpha(6563 A) line is often used for galaxies with low to moderate redshifts,...

Multi-wavelength Study of Galaxy Rotation Curves and its Application to Cosmology (2005)

Saintonge, Amelie, Marinoni, Christian, Masters, Karen L., Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Contini, Thierry

Rotation information for spiral galaxies can be obtained through the observation of different spectral lines. While the Halpha(6563 A) line is often used for galaxies with low to moderate redshifts,...

Morphology, Environment, and the HI Mass Function (2004)

Springob, Christopher M., Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo

We exploit a large, complete optical diameter and HI flux limited sample of spiral galaxies with types later than S0a to derive a robust measurement of the HI mass function (HIMF) for masses...

Detection of 21 Centimeter HI Absorption at z = 0.78 in a Survey of Radio Continuum Sources (2004)

Darling, Jeremy, Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Bolatto, Alberto D., Bower, Geoffrey C.

We report the detection of a deep broad HI 21 cm absorption system at z = 0.78 toward the radio source [HB89] 2351+456 (4C+45.51) at z = 1.992. The HI absorption was identified in a blind spectral...

The Impact of Distance Uncertainties on Local Luminosity and Mass Functions (2004)

Masters, Karen L., Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo

In order to investigate discrepancies between recent published estimates of the the HI mass function (HIMF), we explore the impact of distance uncertainties on the derivation of the faint end slope...

M/L, H-alpha Rotation Curves, and HI Measurements for 329 Nearby Cluster and Field Spirals: I. Data (2004)

Vogt, Nicole P., Haynes, Martha P., Herter, Terry, Giovanelli, Riccardo

A survey of 329 nearby galaxies (redshift z < 0.045) has been conducted to study the distribution of mass and light within spiral galaxies over a range of environments. The 18 observed clusters and...

M/L, H-alpha Rotation Curves, and HI Measurements for 329 Nearby Cluster and Field Spirals: II. Evidence for Galaxy Infall (2004)

Vogt, Nicole P., Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Herter, Terry

We have conducted a study of optical and HI properties of spiral galaxies (size, luminosity, H-alpha flux distribution, circular velocity, HI gas mass) to explore the role of gas stripping as a...

M/L, H-alpha Rotation Curves, and HI Measurements for 329 Nearby Cluster and Field Spirals: III. Evolutionin Fundamental Galaxy Parameters (2004)

Vogt, Nicole P., Haynes, Martha P., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Herter, Terry

We have conducted a study of optical and HI properties of spiral galaxies (size, luminosity, H-alpha flux distribution, circular velocity, HI gas mass) to investigate causes (e.g., nature versus...

An estimate of \Omega_m without priors (2003)

Feldman, Hume A., Juszkiewicz, Roman, Ferreira, Pedro, Davis, Marc, Gaztanaga, Enrique, Fry, James N., ...

Using mean relative peculiar velocity measurements for pairs of galaxies, we estimate the cosmological density parameter $\Omega_m$ and the amplitude of density fluctuations $\sigma_8$. Our results...

Internal Extinction in Spiral Galaxies in the Near Infrared (2003)

Masters, Karen L., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P.

In order to study the effects of internal extinction in spiral galaxies we search for correlations of near infrared (NIR) photometric parameters with inclination. We use data from the 2 Micron...

The Inner Scale Length of Spiral Galaxy Rotation Curves (2002)

Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P.

We use the tapering effect of Halpha/[NII] rotation curves of spiral galaxies first noted by Goad & Roberts (1981) to investigate the internal extinction in disks. The scale length of exponential...

Asymmetry in Isolated, Morphologically Normal Sa Galaxies (2000)

Kornreich, David A., Haynes, Martha P., Jore, Katherine P., Lovelace, R. V. E.

We have examined the morphological and dynamical HI symmetry properties of a sample of moderately inclined Sa galaxies which are classified as morphologically normal. The sample galaxies were known a...

Signatures of Galaxy-Cluster Interactions: Spiral Galaxy Rotation Curve Asymmetry, Shape, and Extent (2000)

Dale, Daniel A., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Hardy, Eduardo, Campusano, Luis E.

The environmental dependencies of the characteristics of spiral galaxy rotation curves are studied in this work. We use our large, homogeneously collected sample of 510 cluster spiral galaxy rotation...

Kinematic Evidence of Minor Mergers in Normal Sa Galaxies (2000)

Haynes, Martha P.

A detailed study of nearby, morphologically normal Sa galaxies reveals that about half show some spectrocopic evidence for kinematically distinct components despite their undisturbed optical...

The HI Content of Spirals. II. Gas Deficiency in Cluster Galaxies (2000)

Solanes, Jose M., Manrique, Alberto, Garcia-Gomez, Carlos, Gonzalez-Casado, Guillermo, Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P.

We derive the atomic hydrogen content for a total of 1900 spirals in the fields of eighteen nearby clusters. By comparing the HI deficiency distributions of the galaxies inside of and outside of one...

Kinematic Evidence of Minor Mergers in Normal Sa Galaxies: NGC3626, NGC3900, NGC4772 and NGC5854 (2000)

Haynes, Martha P., Jore, Katherine P., Barrett, Elizabeth A., Broeils, Adrick H., Murray, Brian M.

BVRI and H-alpha imaging and long-slit optical spectroscopic data are presented for four morphologically normal and relatively isolated Sa galaxies, NGC3626, NGC3900, NGC4772 and NGC5854. VLA HI...

Departures From Axisymmetric Morphology and Dynamics in Spiral Galaxies (2000)

Kornreich, David A., Haynes, Martha P., Lovelace, R. V. E., Van Zee, Liese

New HI synthesis data have been obtained for six face-on galaxies with the Very Large Array. These data and reanalyses of three additional data sets make up a sample of nine face-on galaxies analyzed...

Seeking the Local Convergence Depth. V. Tully-Fisher Peculiar Velocities for 52 Abell Clusters (1999)

Dale, Daniel A., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Campusano, Luis E., Hardy, Eduardo

We have obtained I band Tully-Fisher (TF) measurements for 522 late-type galaxies in the fields of 52 rich Abell clusters distributed throughout the sky between 50 and 200\h Mpc. Here we estimate...

Seeking the Local Convergence Depth. IV. Tully-Fisher Observations of 35 Abell Clusters (1999)

Dale, Daniel A., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Hardy, Eduardo, Campusano, Luis E.

We present Tully-Fisher observations for 35 rich Abell clusters of galaxies. Results from I band photometry and optical rotation curve work comprise the bulk of this paper. This is the third such...

Large-Scale Power Spectrum and Cosmological Parameters from SFI Peculiar Velocities (1999)

Freudling, Wolfram, Zehavi, Idit, Da Costa, Luiz N., Dekel, Avishai, Eldar, Amiram, Giovanelli, Riccardo, ...

We estimate the power spectrum of mass density fluctuations from peculiar velocities of galaxies by applying an improved maximum-likelihood technique to the new all-sky SFI catalog. Parametric models...

Seeking the Local Convergence Depth. The Abell Cluster Dipole Flow to 200 Mpc/h (1998)

Dale, Daniel A., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Campusano, Luis E., Hardy, Eduardo, Borgani, Stefano

We have obtained new Tully-Fisher (TF) peculiar velocity measurements for 52 Abell galaxy clusters distributed throughout the sky between ~ 50 and 200 Mpc/h.The measurements are based on I band...

The Luminous Starburst Ring in NGC 7771: Sequential Star Formation? (1998)

Smith, Denise A., Herter, Terry, Haynes, Martha P., Neff, Susan G.

Only two of the twenty highly luminous starburst galaxies analyzed by Smith et al. exhibit circumnuclear rings of star formation. These galaxies provide a link between 10^11 L_sun systems and...

A Photometric Method for Quantifying Asymmetries in Disk Galaxies (1998)

Kornreich, David A., Haynes, Martha P., Lovelace, Richard V. E.

A photometric method for quantifying deviations from axisymmetry in optical images of disk galaxies is applied to a sample of 32 face-on and nearly face-on spirals. The method involves comparing the...

Seeking the Local Convergence Depth. II. TF Observations of the Clusters A114, A119, A194, A2295, A2457, A2806, A3193, A3381, AND A3744 (1997)

Dale, Daniel A., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Scodeggio, Marco, Hardy, Eduardo, Campusano, Luis E.

We present Tully-Fisher (TF) observations for nine rich Abell clusters of galaxies. This is the second such data installment of an all-sky survey of 50 clusters in the redshift range 0.02 < z < 0.06....

Comparison of the SFI Peculiar Velocities with the IRAS 1.2 Jy Gravity Field (1997)

Da Costa, Luiz N., Nusser, Adi, Freudling, Wolfram, Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Salzer, John J., ...

We present a comparison between the peculiar velocity fields measured from the SFI all-sky Sbc-Sc Tully-Fisher catalog and that derived from the \iras 1.2 Jy redshift survey galaxy distribution. The...

Redshift-Space Distortions and the Real-Space Clustering of Different Galaxy Types (1997)

Guzzo, Luigi, Strauss, Michael A., Fisher, Karl B., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P.

We study the distortions induced by peculiar velocities on the redshift-space correlation function of galaxies of different morphological types in the Pisces-Perseus redshift survey. Redshift-space...

Seeking the Local Convergence Depth. I. TF Observations of the Clusters A168, A397, A569, A1139, A1228, and A1983 (1997)

Dale, Daniel A., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Scodeggio, Marco, Hardy, Eduardo, Campusano, Luis E.

We present first results of an all-sky observing program designed to improve the quality of the I band Tully-Fisher (TF) template and to obtain the reflex motion of the Local Group with respect to...

Redshift--Space Distortions and the Real--Space Clustering of Different Galaxy Types (1997)

Luigi Guzzo, Michael A. Strauss, Karl B. Fisher, Riccardo Giovanelli, Martha P. Haynes

We study the distortions induced by peculiar velocities on the redshift--space correlation function of galaxies of different morphological types in the Pisces--Perseus redshift survey....

A Test of the Lauer--Postman Bulk Flow (1996)

Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Wegner, Gary, Da Costa, Luiz N., Freudling, Wolfram, Salzer, John J.

We use Tully--Fisher distances for a sample of field late spiral galaxies to test the Lauer and Postman (1994; hereinafter LP) result suggestive of a bulk flow with respect to the Cosmic Microwave...

The Relative Distance between the Clusters of Galaxies A2634 and Coma (1996)

Scodeggio, Marco, Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P.

The Tully-Fisher and Fundamental Plane relations are used to obtain two independent estimates of the relative distance between the clusters A2634 and Coma. Previously published studies of A2634...

The Mass Distribution in the Nearby Universe (1996)

Da Costa, Luiz N., Freudling, Wolfram, Wegner, Gary, Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Salzer, John J.

We present a new reconstruction of the mass density and the peculiar velocity fields in the nearby universe using recent measurements of Tully-Fisher distances for a sample of late spirals. We find...

The Rotation Curves of Galaxies at Intermediate Redshift (1996)

Vogt, Nicole P., Herter, Terry, Haynes, Martha P., Courteau, Stephane

We have undertaken a pilot project to measure the rotation velocities of spiral galaxies in the redshift range 0.18 < z < 0.4 using high dispersion long slit spectroscopy obtained with the Palomar 5m...

The HI Content of Spirals. I. Field-Galaxy HI Mass Functions and HI Mass-Optical Size Regression (1995)

Solanes, José M., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P.

A standard parametric maximum-likelihood technique is used to determine both the probability distribution over total HI mass $M_{\rm HI}$ and the regression of this quantity on the linear optical...

Determination of Malmquist Bias and Selection Effects from Monte-Carlo Simulations (1995)

Freudling, Wolfram, Da Costa, Luiz N., Wegner, Gary, Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P., Salzer, John J.

Maps of the peculiar velocity field derived from distance relations are affected by Malmquist type bias and selection effects. Because of the large number of interdependent effects, they are in most...

HI 2334+26: An Extended HI Cloud near Abell 2634 (1994)

Giovanelli, Riccardo, Scodeggio, Marco, Solanes, Jose` M., Haynes, Martha P., Arce, Hector, Sakai, Shoko

We report the serendipitous discovery of a large HI cloud with an associated HI mass of $6(\pm1.5)\times 10^9 h^{-2}$ M$_\odot$ and a heliocentric velocity 8800 \kms, located near the periphery of...

The Spatial Distribution, Kinematics, and Dynamics of the Galaxies in the Region of Abell 2634 and 2666 (1994)

Scodeggio, Marco, Solanes, José M., Giovanelli, Riccardo, Haynes, Martha P.

A total of 663 galaxies with known redshifts in a $6\deg\!\times 6\deg$ field centered on A2634, including 211 new measurements, are used to study the structure of this cluster and its surroundings....