Erythrocyte thiopurine methyl transferase assessment prior to azathioprine use in the UK (2002)
Holme, S. A., Duley, J. A., Sanderson, J., Routledge, P. A., Anstey, A. V.
Background: Individuals with low activity of a key metabolic enzyme, thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT), are more susceptible to azathioprine-induced myelosuppression. Aim: To determine the pattern...
Erythrocyte thiopurine methyl transferase assessment prior to azathioprine use in the UK (2002)
Holme, S. A., Duley, J. A., Sanderson, J., Routledge, P. A., Anstey, A. V.
Background: Individuals with low activity of a key metabolic enzyme, thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT), are more susceptible to azathioprine-induced myelosuppression. Aim: To determine the pattern...
Erythrocyte thiopurine methyl transferase assessment prior to azathioprine use in the UK (2002)
Holme, S.A., Duley, J.A., Sanderson, J., Routledge, P.A., Anstey, A.V.
Background: Individuals with low activity of a key metabolic enzyme, thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT), are more susceptible to azathioprine‐induced myelosuppression. Aim: To...
Patterns of Poisoning in the Elderly in a Welsh Health District 1991-1995 (1997)
Bialas, M C, Hutching, A, McCulloch, A, Routledge, P A, Woodhouse, K.W.
Pharmacokinetics in children (1994)
The first year of life is associated with major changes in the processes affecting the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. Drug absorption by the oral route is affected by...
Pharmacokinetics and Effects of R & S Warfarin in Young and Elderly Subjects (1992)
Shetty, H G M, Buss, D C, Backhouse, G, Bentley, D P, Park, B K, Routledge, P A
Factors affecting response to warfarin /--by P.A. Routledge. (1978)
British Library microfilm no. : D26044/79.
Guidelines to control heparin treatment.
Fennerty, A G, Renowden, S, Scolding, N, Bentley, D P, Campbell, I A, Routledge, P A
With new guidelines for the control of heparin infusion rates the proportion of kaolin cephalin clotting time ratios was significantly improved compared with ratios achieved without their use....
Audit of control of heparin treatment.
Fennerty, A G, Thomas, P, Backhouse, G, Bentley, P, Campbell, I A, Routledge, P A
Flexible induction dose regimen for warfarin and prediction of maintenance dose.
Fennerty, A, Dolben, J, Thomas, P, Backhouse, G, Bentley, D P, Campbell, I A, ...
Fifty patients with venous thromboembolic disease being treated by heparin infusion received a three day warfarin induction regimen tailored according to the prothrombin time (British comparative...
Monitoring effects of oral anticoagulants during treatment with heparin.
Thomas, P, Fennerty, A, Backhouse, G, Bentley, D P, Campbell, I A, Routledge, P A
Comprehensive clinical drug information service: first year's experience.
Davies, D M, Ashton, C H, Rao, J G, Rawlins, M D, Routledge, P A, Savage, R L, ...
A comprehensive clinical drug information service, established in the Northern Region in May 1975, is manned by eight doctors--all clinical pharmacologists--and is available 24 hours a day. In the...
Guidelines to control heparin treatment.
Fennerty, A G, Renowden, S, Scolding, N, Bentley, D P, Campbell, I A, Routledge, P A
With new guidelines for the control of heparin infusion rates the proportion of kaolin cephalin clotting time ratios was significantly improved compared with ratios achieved without their use....
Audit of control of heparin treatment.
Fennerty, A G, Thomas, P, Backhouse, G, Bentley, P, Campbell, I A, Routledge, P A
Flexible induction dose regimen for warfarin and prediction of maintenance dose.
Fennerty, A, Dolben, J, Thomas, P, Backhouse, G, Bentley, D P, Campbell, I A, ...
Fifty patients with venous thromboembolic disease being treated by heparin infusion received a three day warfarin induction regimen tailored according to the prothrombin time (British comparative...
Monitoring effects of oral anticoagulants during treatment with heparin.
Thomas, P, Fennerty, A, Backhouse, G, Bentley, D P, Campbell, I A, Routledge, P A
Comprehensive clinical drug information service: first year's experience.
Davies, D M, Ashton, C H, Rao, J G, Rawlins, M D, Routledge, P A, Savage, R L, ...
A comprehensive clinical drug information service, established in the Northern Region in May 1975, is manned by eight doctors--all clinical pharmacologists--and is available 24 hours a day. In the...
Campbell, I A, Bentley, D P, Prescott, R J, Routledge, P A, Shetty, H G M, Williamson, I J
Objective To determine the optimum duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after an episode of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, or both.
Adenosine-induced respiratory and heart rate changes in young and elderly adults.
Watt, A H, Bayer, A, Routledge, P A, Swift, C G
The effects of intravenous boluses of adenosine on respiration and heart rate were compared in young and elderly individuals. Respiratory stimulation and biphasic changes in heart rate were...
The effect of theophylline on thyrotoxic tremor.
Buss, D C, Phillips, D I, Littley, M D, Marshall, R W, Routledge, P A, Lazarus, J H
1. The effect of intravenous aminophylline on theophylline-induced tremor were studied in six hyperthyroid patients before and after treatment to euthyroidism. 2. Baseline tremor power was...
Factors affecting free (unbound) lignocaine concentration in suspected acute myocardial infarction.
Routledge, P A, Stargel, W W, Barchowsky, A, Wagner, G S, Shand, D G
1. Free plasma lignocaine concentrations were measured for up to 48 h after constant infusion of the drug in 41 subjects with suspected acute myocardial infarction. 2. The free plasma lignocaine...
Bioavailability of intranasal metoclopramide.
Ward, M J, Buss, D C, Ellershaw, J, Nash, A, Routledge, P A
After intranasal administration of metoclopramide, (5 mg in 0.5 ml sterile water) the maximum plasma concentration of 13.5 +/- 7.3 (mean +/- s.d.) ng ml-1 was achieved. Absolute bioavailability was...
Effects of felodipine on haemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with angina pectoris.
Sheridan, J V, Thomas, P, Routledge, P A, Sheridan, D J
We studied the effects of adding felodipine to beta-adrenoceptor blockade on haemodynamics and exercise capacity in 14 patients with stable angina pectoris using a placebo controlled double-blind...
Watt, A H, Reid, P G, Stephens, M R, Routledge, P A
Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside which stimulates respiration in man and other mammals. In animals adenosine appears to initiate respiratory stimulation within the carotid body, but whether this...
Intravenous infusion of adenosine but not inosine stimulates respiration in man.
Reid, P G, Watt, A H, Routledge, P A, Smith, A P
The effects on respiration of intravenous infusions of the endogenous nucleoside adenosine and its deaminated metabolite, inosine, administered in random order, single-blind, were compared in six...
Determinants of free theophylline clearance in asthma.
Williams, P E, Alwazir, Y A, Littley, M, Buss, D C, John, R, Campbell, I A, ...
1. The free and total plasma and saliva concentrations of theophylline were measured during a dosing interval at steady state in nineteen asthmatic subjects receiving a once-daily theophylline...
Adenosine causes transient dilatation of coronary arteries in man.
Watt, A H, Penny, W J, Singh, H, Routledge, P A, Henderson, A H
We investigated the effects of i.v. adenosine on coronary blood flow in 10 normal subjects undergoing investigation for chest pain. Coronary flow transiently doubled after greater than or equal to...
The effect of charcoal on mefenamic acid elimination.
Allen, E M, Buss, D C, Williams, J, Routledge, P A
Mefenamic acid suppository 500 mg was administered by rectum to eight healthy adult volunteers followed by either activated charcoal 5 g orally at hourly intervals for 7 h or an equal volume of water...
Saliva and plasma concentrations of isoniazid and acetylisoniazid in man.
Hutchings, A D, Monie, R D, Spragg, B P, Routledge, P A
1. The pharmacokinetics of isoniazid and acetylisoniazid in plasma and saliva were compared following administration of oral and intravenous doses (200 mg) to healthy volunteers and patients. 2. In...
The effect of thyrotoxicosis on isoniazid acetylation.
Littley, M D, Hutchings, A, Spragg, B P, Routledge, P A, Lazarus, J H
Isoniazid acetylation was assessed in 10 thyrotoxic patients before and after standard antithyroid therapy. The group contained five fast and five slow acetylators and all remained within the same...
Determinants of plasma alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) concentrations in health.
Blain, P G, Mucklow, J C, Rawlins, M D, Roberts, D F, Routledge, P A, Shand, D G
The concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) was measured in plasma from 200 healthy subjects belonging to 78 family units. The AAG concentration varied markedly between individuals (mean...
Adenosine stimulates respiration in man.
Respiratory effects produced by a series of intravenous boluses of adenosine were studied in nine healthy human subjects. Adenosine produced a significant dose-related increase in respiration, mostly...
Amiodarone reduces plasma warfarin clearance in man.
Watt, A H, Stephens, M R, Buss, D C, Routledge, P A
Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic agent whose use is associated with several drug interactions one of which is potentiation of the action of warfarin. The mechanism of this interaction has...
A free lignocaine index as a guide to unbound drug concentration.
Routledge, P A, Lazar, J D, Barchowsky, A, Stargel, W W, Wagner, G S, Shand, D G
A free lignocaine index was developed on the basis of measurements of plasma lignocaine and its principle binding protein, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) in 80 samples from 16 patients admitted to...
The plasma protein binding of metoclopramide in health and renal disease.
Webb, D, Buss, D C, Fifield, R, Bateman, D N, Routledge, P A
The plasma protein binding of metoclopramide was measured after addition of the drug (60 ng ml-1) to plasma from 18 patients with renal disease and 18 age and sex matched healthy individuals. The...
Watt, A H, Bernard, M S, Webster, J, Passani, S L, Stephens, M R, Routledge, P A
Increasing doses of adenosine were given by rapid intravenous bolus to seven patients with spontaneous supraventricular tachycardia. Adenosine restored sinus rhythm in 10 of 14 episodes of narrow...
Pharmacokinetics of antipyrine in epileptic patients.
Rimmer, E M, Routledge, P A, Tsanaclis, L M, Richens, A
The pharmacokinetics of antipyrine were examined after oral and intravenous administration to 20 epileptic subjects receiving antiepileptic drug therapy. Bioavailability was essentially complete...
Adenosine was administered in increasing intravenous bolus doses to nine healthy volunteers. A transient decrease in heart rate was observed which occurred about 20 s after injection. This was due to...
Plasma amiodarone concentrations during intravenous infusion.
Watt, A H, Hutchings, A, Stephens, M R, Routledge, P A
Amiodarone is a useful antiarrhythmic agent whose pharmacokinetics are incompletely characterised. In order to optimise efficacy of an antiarrhythmic drug, information regarding plasma concentrations...
Investigation of patients with abnormal response to warfarin.
Bentley, D P, Backhouse, G, Hutchings, A, Haddon, R L, Spragg, B, Routledge, P A
In 55 patients in whom warfarin control had been satisfactory for at least 4 months, warfarin dose, plasma warfarin concentration and plasma clearance were measured. The mean dose to maintain the BCR...
A simple method for determining acetylator phenotype using isoniazid.
A comparison was made between the results of acetylator phenotyping by isoniazid (INH) half-life measurements based on samples taken for 6 h after a single oral dose (200 mg), and by determination of...
Williams, P E, Alwazir, Y A, Routledge, P A, Campbell, I A
Plasma and saliva theophylline concentrations were measured in 21 asthmatic subjects receiving chronic oral therapy with a new sustained-release theophylline capsule (K1B Riker) given as a once daily...
The plasma protein binding of basic drugs.
The plasma protein binding of basic drugs appears to vary more than was at first assumed and is related to the marked intra-and interindividual differences in one of the chief binding proteins, AAG....
Sex-related differences in the plasma protein binding of lignocaine and diazepam.
Routledge, P A, Stargel, W W, Kitchell, B B, Barchowsky, A, Shand, D G
1 The percentage of lignocaine free in the plasma of ten females receiving oral contraceptive medication was significantly greater than in 17 males of similar age (18--42 years). 2 In the same...
Lignocaine disposition in blood in epilepsy.
Routledge, P A, Stargel, W W, Finn, A L, Barchowsky, A, Shand, D G
1 The plasma concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) was significantly greater in 27 epileptic subjects receiving anticonvulsants compared with 27 age- and sex-matched drug-free control...
On the role of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in lignocaine accumulation following myocardial infarction.
Barchowsky, A, Shand, D G, Stargel, W W, Wagner, G S, Routledge, P A
1 Blood plasma and free lignocaine concentrations have been measured 12 h after beginning a constant infusion of 2 mg/min and again at the end of the infusion (36-72 h) in five patients with...
Determinants of the plasma protein binding of theophylline in health.
Buss, D, Leopold, D, Smith, A P, Routledge, P A
1 The plasma protein binding of theophylline was determined after addition of [14C]-theophylline (15 micrograms/ml) to plasma from 24 healthy drug-free volunteers and equilibrium dialysis for 2 h at...
A method to prevent the loss of isoniazid and acetylisoniazid in human plasma.
Hutchings, A, Monie, R D, Spragg, B, Routledge, P A
Plasma concentrations of isoniazid and N-acetylisoniazid were measured at varying times after addition of both compounds to plasma (5 micrograms/ml) and storage at several different temperatures (-70...
Sanders, G L, Routledge, P A, Ward, A, Davies, D M, Rawlins, M D
1 Mean steady-state plasma concentrations of labetalol (labetalol Css) in 17 hypertensive patients undergoing chronic treatment with this drug, have been examined in relation to dose, fall in BP, and...
A comparative study of methyldopa and labetalol in the treatment of hypertension.
Sanders, G L, Davies, D M, Gales, G M, Rao, J G, Rawlins, M D, Routledge, P A
1 Twenty patients with essential hypertension completed a double-blind, dose-tritrated, cross-over comparison of methyldopa and labetalol. 2 Average lying BPs (systolic/diastolic) were reduced by...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin at steady state.
Routledge, P A, Chapman, P H, Davies, D M, Rawlins, M D
1 The relationship between warfarin dose, total and free plasma warfarin concentration, and anticoagulant effect was examined at several steady-state levels in fifteen patients during withdrawal of...
Should we routinely measure free plasma phenytoin concentration?
Rimmer, E M, Buss, D C, Routledge, P A, Richens, A
The plasma protein binding of phenytoin was investigated in 56 epileptic patients attending the outpatient clinic. The free phenytoin fraction was measured by equilibrium dialysis at 37 degrees C and...
Effect of valproate on free plasma phenytoin concentrations.
Tsanaclis, L M, Allen, J, Perucca, E, Routledge, P A, Richens, A
The plasma protein binding of phenytoin was studied in nine epileptic patients before and during addition of sodium valproate to the drug therapy. The free phenytoin fraction in plasma was...
Acetylator phenotyping: the effect of ethanol on the dapsone test.
Hutchings, A, Monie, R D, Spragg, B, Routledge, P A
In twelve healthy drug-free subjects (six slow acetylators), administration of alcohol (to achieve an ethanol concentration between 650 and 1180 mg 1(-1) ) did not significantly affect the ratio of...
The effects of age and smoking on the plasma protein binding of lignocaine and diazepam.
Davis, D, Grossman, S H, Kitchell, B B, Shand, D G, Routledge, P A
In 63 healthy ambulant subjects 18 to 88 years of age, the plasma protein binding of diazepam (principally bound to albumin) decreased with age. Diazepam binding in plasma correlated positively with...
El-Bahie, N, Allen, E M, Williams, J, Routledge, P A
Mefenamic acid 500 mg orally was administered to nine healthy volunteers on four occasions 7 days apart. On two occasions allocated at random, activated charcoal (2.5 g of medicoal) was administered...
The ex vivo plasma protein binding of theophylline in renal disease.
Leopold, D, Webb, D, Buss, D C, Fifield, R A, Smith, A P, Routledge, P A
The plasma protein binding of theophylline was measured in 21 patients with renal disease and 21 healthy age and sex matched controls. The percentage of theophylline unbound to plasma was greater in...
Adverse drug reactions in elderly patients
Routledge, P A, O'Mahony, M S, Woodhouse, K W
Many studies from around the world show a correlation between increasing age and adverse drug reaction (ADR) rate, at least for some medical conditions. More than 80% of ADRs causing admission or...
Free and total plasma theophylline concentrations in chronic airflow obstruction.
Ebden, P, Leopold, D, Smith, A P, Buss, D, Routledge, P A
It has been suggested that the variability in clinical response between individuals at any given total plasma theophylline concentration may be related to interpatient variability in theophylline...
Ebden, P, Leopold, D, Buss, D, Smith, A P, Routledge, P A
Total plasma and mixed stimulated saliva theophylline concentrations (by high performance liquid chromatography) and free plasma theophylline concentrations (by equilibrium dialysis) were measured in...
Morrison, D, Ali, N J, Routledge, P A, Capewell, S
BACKGROUND: Although osteoporosis is a well known side effect of long term prednisolone, the effects of a short course are less clear. Biochemical markers of bone turnover were therefore studied in...
Bialas, M C, Evans, R J, Hutchings, A D, Alldridge, G, Routledge, P A
OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of the treatment guidelines on the management of paracetamol self poisoning in accident and emergency (A&E) departments. METHODS: 24 A&E departments in Wales and...
Fennerty, A. G., Shetty, H. G., Paton, D., Roberts, G., Routledge, P. A., Campbell, I. A.
The presenting features of 250 consecutive patients who underwent a ventilation/perfusion lung scan for suspected pulmonary embolus (PE) were analysed. Ninety-six patients had lung scans highly...
Nitrofurantoin rechallenge and recurrent toxicity.
Bialas, M. C., Shetty, H. G., Houghton, J., Woods, F., Routledge, P. A.
Drug acetylation in breast cancer.
Webster, D. J., Flook, D., Jenkins, J., Hutchings, A., Routledge, P. A.
The acetylator phenotype was determined in 100 patients with breast cancer and 100 control female subjects using isoniazid. The proportion of fast acetylators in the breast cancer patients (43%) was...