D. E. Swayne, D. L. Suarez, S. Schultz-Cherry, T. M. Tumpey, D. J. King, T. Nakaya, ...
Current vaccines to prevent avian influenza rely upon labor-intensive parenteral injection. A more advantageous vaccine would be capable of administration by mass immunization methods such as spray...
Baez, M., Taussig, R., Zazra, J.J., Young, J.F., Palese, P., Reisfeld, A., ...
The nucleotide sequence of the NS gene of the human influenza virus A/PR/8/34 was determined and found to be the same length (890 nucleotides) as the NS gene of another human influenza virus...
Miyahira, Y., García-Sastre, A., Rodriguez, D., Rodriguez, J. R., Murata, K., Tsuji, M., ...
Extensive studies on protective immunity to rodent malaria provided the basis for the current experiments in which mice were immunized with recombinant (re) influenza and vaccinia viruses expressing...
Negative-strand RNA viruses: genetic engineering and applications.
Palese, P, Zheng, H, Engelhardt, O G, Pleschka, S, García-Sastre, A
The negative-strand RNA viruses are a broad group of animal viruses that comprise several important human pathogens, including influenza, measles, mumps, rabies, respiratory syncytial, Ebola, and...
Li, S, Rodrigues, M, Rodriguez, D, Rodriguez, J R, Esteban, M, Palese, P, ...
Live vectors expressing foreign antigens have been used to induce immunity against several pathogens. However, for the virulent rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii, the use of recombinant...
Positive Darwinian evolution in human influenza A viruses.
Fitch, W M, Leiter, J M, Li, X Q, Palese, P
We earlier suggested that type A human influenza virus genes undergo positive Darwinian selection through immune surveillance. This requires more favorable amino acid replacements fixed in antigenic...
Muster, T, Subbarao, E K, Enami, M, Murphy, B R, Palese, P
Influenza A and B viruses have not been shown to form reassortants. It had been assumed that the lack of genotypic mixing between influenza virus types reflected differences in polymerase and...
Inhibition of influenza virus replication by phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides.
Leiter, J M, Agrawal, S, Palese, P, Zamecnik, P C
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were synthesized and tested for their antiviral activity against influenza viruses. ODNs corresponded to the polymerase PB1 gene of either influenza A/WSN/33 virus or...
Introduction of site-specific mutations into the genome of influenza virus.
Enami, M, Luytjes, W, Krystal, M, Palese, P
We succeeded in rescuing infectious influenza virus by transfecting cells with RNAs derived from specific recombinant DNAs. RNA corresponding to the neuraminidase (NA) gene of influenza A/WSN/33...
Staczek, J., Gilleland, H. E., Gilleland, L. B., Harty, R. N., García-Sastre, A., Engelhardt, O. G., ...
The ability of a chimeric influenza virus containing, within the antigenic B site of its hemagglutinin, an 11-amino-acid (AEGRAINRRVE) insert from the peptide 10 epitope of outer membrane (OM)...
Influenza B viruses with site-specific mutations introduced into the HA gene.
We have succeeded in engineering changes into the genome of influenza B virus. First, model RNAs containing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene flanked by the noncoding sequences of the HA or...
A reverse-genetics system employing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene has been established previously for Sendai virus. We utilized PCR-directed mutagenesis to introduce...
Muster, T, Ferko, B, Klima, A, Purtscher, M, Trkola, A, Schulz, P, ...
Previously, we constructed a chimeric influenza virus that expresses the highly conserved amino acid sequence ELDKWA of gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Antisera elicited in mice...
A plasmid-based reverse genetics system for influenza A virus.
Pleschka, S, Jaskunas, R, Engelhardt, O G, Zürcher, T, Palese, P, García-Sastre, A
A reverse genetics system for negative-strand RNA viruses was first successfully developed for influenza viruses. This technology involved the transfection of in vitro-reconstituted ribonucleoprotein...
Wolff, T, O'Neill, R E, Palese, P
The yeast interaction trap system was used to identify, NS1-I (for NS1 interactor), which is a human protein that binds to the nonstructural NS1 protein of the influenza A virus. NS1-I is a human...
Wang, P, Palese, P, O'Neill, R E
Two cellular proteins, NPI-1 and NPI-3, were previously identified through their interaction with the influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) by using the yeast two-hybrid system. These proteins were then...
Expression of a foreign protein by influenza A virus.
Percy, N, Barclay, W S, García-Sastre, A, Palese, P
In this report we describe the rescue of a transfectant influenza A virus which stably expresses a heterologous protein, bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). The foreign sequences...
Characterization of the polyadenylation signal of influenza virus RNA.
It has been shown that a stretch of uridines (U's) near the 5' end of the virion RNA of influenza A virus is the polyadenylation site for viral mRNA synthesis. In addition, the RNA duplex made up the...
Muster, T, Guinea, R, Trkola, A, Purtscher, M, Klima, A, Steindl, F, ...
Previously we identified the highly conserved amino acids Glu-Leu-Asp-Lys-Trp-Ala (ELDKWA) on the ecto-domain of gp41 as the epitope of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (2F5) directed against human...
Mutations at palmitylation sites of the influenza virus hemagglutinin affect virus formation.
The carboxy terminus of the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A viruses contains three cysteine residues which are highly conserved among HA subtypes. It has previously been shown for the H2, H3, and...
García-Sastre, A, Muster, T, Barclay, W S, Percy, N, Palese, P
The ribonucleoprotein transfection system for influenza virus allowed us to construct two influenza A viruses, GP2/BIP-NA and HGP2/BIP-NA, which contained bicistronic neuraminidase (NA) genes. The...
Li, S, Polonis, V, Isobe, H, Zaghouani, H, Guinea, R, Moran, T, ...
Expression vectors based on DNA or plus-stranded RNA viruses are being developed as vaccine carriers directed against various pathogens. Less is known about the use of negative-stranded RNA viruses,...
Glycosylation of neuraminidase determines the neurovirulence of influenza A/WSN/33 virus.
Li, S, Schulman, J, Itamura, S, Palese, P
The neuraminidase (NA) gene of influenza A/WSN/33 (WSN) virus has previously been shown to be associated with neurovirulence in mice and growth in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. Nucleotide...
Li, S Q, Schulman, J L, Moran, T, Bona, C, Palese, P
Influenza virus transfectants with chimeric hemagglutinins were constructed by using a ribonucleoprotein transfection method. Transfectants W(H1)-H2 and W(H1)-H3 contained A/WSN/33(H1N1) (WSN)...
Transfection-mediated recombination of influenza A virus.
Bergmann, M, García-Sastre, A, Palese, P
Several mechanisms, including a high mutation rate and reassortment of genes, have been found to be responsible for the variability of influenza A viruses. RNA recombination would be another...
High-efficiency formation of influenza virus transfectants.
cDNA-derived RNAs were introduced into the genomes of influenza viruses by using an improved ribonucleoprotein (RNP) transfection protocol. Up to 10(5) viral transfectants with a novel neuraminidase...
Luo, G X, Luytjes, W, Enami, M, Palese, P
Appropriate RNAs are transcribed and amplified and proteins are expressed after transfection into cells of in vitro-reconstituted RNA-protein complexes and infection with influenza virus as the...
Mutational analysis of the promoter required for influenza virus virion RNA synthesis.
An in vitro RNA synthesis system was established in which the influenza virus virion (minus-sense) RNA was made from the synthetic plus-sense RNA (cRNA) template by the purified viral polymerase...
Mechanism of attenuation of a chimeric influenza A/B transfectant virus.
Luo, G, Bergmann, M, Garcia-Sastre, A, Palese, P
The ribonucleoprotein transfection system for influenza virus allowed us to construct an influenza A virus containing a chimeric neuraminidase (NA) gene in which the noncoding sequence is derived...
Determination of influenza virus proteins required for genome replication.
Huang, T S, Palese, P, Krystal, M
An artificial vaccinia virus vector-driven replication system for influenza virus RNA has been developed. In this system, a synthetic NS-like gene is replicated and expressed by influenza virus...
Influenza C virus esterase: analysis of catalytic site, inhibition, and possible function.
Vlasak, R, Muster, T, Lauro, A M, Powers, J C, Palese, P
The active site serine of the acetylesterase of influenza C virus was localized to amino acid 71 of the hemagglutinin-esterase protein by affinity labeling with 3H-labeled diisopropylfluorophosphate....
Promoter analysis of influenza virus RNA polymerase.
Parvin, J D, Palese, P, Honda, A, Ishihama, A, Krystal, M
Influenza virus polymerase, which was prepared depleted of viral RNA, was used to copy small RNA templates prepared from plasmid-encoded sequences. Template constructions containing only the 3' end...
Influenza C virus RNA 7 codes for a nonstructural protein.
Nakada, S, Graves, P N, Desselberger, U, Creager, R S, Krystal, M, Palese, P
The complete nucleotide sequence of RNA segment 7 of influenza C/California/78 virus was determined by using cloned cDNA derived from viral RNA. The gene is 934 nucleotides long and possesses a long...
Measurement of the mutation rates of animal viruses: influenza A virus and poliovirus type 1.
Parvin, J D, Moscona, A, Pan, W T, Leider, J M, Palese, P
Epidemiologic and genetic evidence suggests that influenza A viruses evolve more rapidly than other viruses in humans. Although the high mutation rate of the virus is often cited as the cause of the...
Determination of the mutation rate of a retrovirus.
Leider, J M, Palese, P, Smith, F I
The mutation rate of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) was measured. Progeny descended from a single virion were collected after one replication cycle, and seven regions of the genome were analyzed for...
Evidence that the matrix protein of influenza C virus is coded for by a spliced mRNA.
Yamashita, M, Krystal, M, Palese, P
In contrast to influenza A and B viruses, which encode their matrix (M) proteins via an unspliced mRNA, the influenza C virus M protein appears to be coded for by a spliced mRNA from RNA segment 6....
The E3 protein of bovine coronavirus is a receptor-destroying enzyme with acetylesterase activity.
Vlasak, R, Luytjes, W, Leider, J, Spaan, W, Palese, P
In addition to members of the Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae, several coronaviruses have been shown to possess receptor-destroying activities. Purified bovine coronavirus (BCV) preparations...
Two nuclear location signals in the influenza virus NS1 nonstructural protein.
Greenspan, D, Palese, P, Krystal, M
The NS1 protein of influenza A virus has been shown to enter and accumulate in the nuclei of virus-infected cells independently of any other influenza viral protein. Therefore, the NS1 protein...
Greenspan, D, Krystal, M, Nakada, S, Arnheiter, H, Lyles, D S, Palese, P
The nonstructural NS2 protein of influenza A/PR/8/34 virus was efficiently expressed in bacteria, and monospecific antisera were prepared against the bacterially synthesized polypeptide. These...
Analysis of an influenza A virus mutant with a deletion in the NS segment.
Buonagurio, D A, Krystal, M, Palese, P, DeBorde, D C, Maassab, H F
The influenza virus host range mutant CR43-3, derived by recombination from the A/Alaska/6/77 and the cold-adapted and temperature-sensitive A/Ann Arbor/6/60 viruses, has previously been shown to...
Influenza C virus hemagglutinin: comparison with influenza A and B virus hemagglutinins.
Nakada, S, Creager, R S, Krystal, M, Aaronson, R P, Palese, P
The complete nucleotide sequence of the influenza C/California/78 virus RNA 4 was obtained by using cloned cDNA derived from the RNA segment. This gene is 2,071 nucleotides long and can code for a...
Sequential mutations in the NS genes of influenza virus field strains.
Krystal, M, Buonagurio, D, Young, J F, Palese, P
The complete nucleotide sequences of the NS genes from three human influenza viruses, A/FM/1/47 (H1N1), A/FW/1/50 (H1N1), and A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1), were determined. Only five single-base differences...
Vlasak, R, Luytjes, W, Spaan, W, Palese, P
Human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus elute from agglutinated chicken erythrocytes when incubated at 37 degrees C, suggesting the presence of a receptor-destroying enzyme. Moreover, bovine...
Hsu, M T, Parvin, J D, Gupta, S, Krystal, M, Palese, P
The viral RNA segments in influenza virions were shown to be circular in conformation by using psoralen crosslinking methods. Electron microscopy of purified RNA following treatment of virus with the...
Krystal, M, Li, R, Lyles, D, Pavlakis, G, Palese, P
Transformed cell lines derived from murine C127 cells were constructed that express the influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase proteins (PA, PB1, and PB2). Cell lines that express only one or...
Baez, M, Taussig, R, Zazra, J J, Young, J F, Palese, P, Reisfeld, A, ...
The nucleotide sequence of the NS gene of the human influenza virus A/PR/8/34 was determined and found to be the same length (890 nucleotides) as the NS gene of another human influenza virus...
Oligonucleotide mapping: evaluation of its sensitivity by computer-simulation.
Aaronson, R P, Young, J F, Palese, P
A frequently used method of comparing large RNA molecules employs the two-dimensional display of oligonucleotides generated through the action of specific RNases (oligonucleotide mapping,...
Krystal, M, Elliott, R M, Benz, E W, Young, J F, Palese, P
The complete nucleotide sequence of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of a type B influenza virus (B/Lee/40) was obtained by using cloned cDNA derived from the RNA segment. The gene is 1,882 nucleotides...
Influenza B virus genome: assignment of viral polypeptides to RNA segments.
It was shown that all eight RNA segments of influenza B viruses are most likely monocistronic and code for eight virus-specific polypeptides. A genetic map of the influenza B virus genome was...
Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza WSN virus defective in virus-specific RNA synthesis.
Influenza WSN virus temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were examined for defects in viral complementary RNA (cRNA) synthesis. The synthesis of viral cRNA was determined by hybridizing RNA from...
Selection and identification of influenza virus recombinants of defined genetic composition.
The RNAs of influenza virus recombinants were analyzed on polyacrylamide gels under conditions in which the derivation of specific RNA segments (including those coding for hemagglutinin and...
Ritchey, M B, Palese, P, Schulman, J L
In previous communications we reported that the eight RNA segments of influenza A/PR/8/34 (HON1) virus could be distinguished from corresponding segments of influenza A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) virus by...
Palese, P., Bodo, G., Tuppy, H.
A synthetic neuraminidase substrate [2-(3′-methoxyphenyl)-N-acetyl-α-neuraminic acid] was used to detect myxo- and paramyxovirus replication in tissue culture. This method allowed estimation of...
Aubertin, A., Palese, P., Tan, K. B., Vilagines, R., McAuslan, B. R.
The adenosine triphosphatase associated with frog virus 3 shows high specificity for ATP or deoxyadenosine triphosphate and appears to be distinct from the corresponding activity in host cells,...
Applications of a Synthetic Neuraminidase Substrate
Palese, P., Bucher, D., Kilbourne, E. D.
A rapid and precise assay for neuraminidase using 2-(3′-methoxyphenyl)-N-acetyl-α-neuraminic acid (MPN) is described. It is proposed that this substrate be used for the standardization of activity...
Krystal, M, Young, J F, Palese, P, Wilson, I A, Skehel, J J, Wiley, D C
Comparative analysis of the amino acid sequences of hemagglutinins (HAs) of influenza B/Lee/40, B/Md/59, and B/HK/73 viruses has allowed examination of the molecular basis of antigenic variation in...
Desselberger, U, Nakajima, K, Alfino, P, Pedersen, F S, Haseltine, W A, Hannoun, C, ...
Oligonucleotide analysis of two avian influenza A viruses (Hav6N2 and Hav6Nav4) isolated in nature showed identical or almost identical patterns for the corresponding M and HA genes; 24 of 25 and 13...
In June of 1977, a new influenza A pandemic was started by strains of the H1N1 serotype. Oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis of the RNA from viruses isolated during the early stage of this pandemic...
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNA of influenza A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) viruses and recombinant viruses derived from them revealed that each contains eight RNA...
Differences in RNA patterns of influenza A viruses.
Analysis of the segmented RNAs of influenza A viruses by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide urea slab gels has provided a method for sharper resolution of the number and migration rates of different...
RNAs of influenza A, B, and C viruses.
Ritchey, M B, Palese, P, Kilbourne, E D
The nucleic acids of influenza A, B, and C viruses were compared. Susceptibility to nucleases demonstrates that influenza C virus, just as influenza A and B viruses, possesses single-stranded RNA as...
P1 and P3 proteins of influenza virus are required for complementary RNA synthesis.
Palese, P, Ritchey, M B, Schulman, J L
Members of two temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant groups of influenza A/WSN virus defective in complementary RNA synthesis were analyzed with respect to the identity of their defective genes. RNA...
Identification of the defective genes in three mutant groups of influenza virus.
Seven complementation-recombination groups of temperature-sensitive (ts) influenza WSN virus mutants have been previously isolated. Recently two of these groups (IV and VI) were shown to possess...
The genetic basis for the distinctive capacity of influenza A/WSN/33 (H0N1) virus (WSN virus) to produce plaques on bovine kidney (MDBK) cells was found to be related to virus neuraminidase....
Susceptibility of influenza A viruses to amantadine is influenced by the gene coding for M protein.
Lubeck, M D, Schulman, J L, Palese, P
Influenza A virus recombinants derived from "resistant" and "sensitive" parental viruses were examined for susceptibility to inhibition by amantadine. Correlation of gene constellation and amantadine...
Isolation of influenza C virus recombinants.
Recombinants between two different influenza C viruses were isolated. In MDCK (canine kidney) cells, one strain, C/JJ/50, caused lytic plaques, whereas C/JHG/66 virus did not produce clear plaques....
Efficient expression of influenza virus NS1 nonstructural proteins in Escherichia coli.
Young, J F, Desselberger, U, Palese, P, Ferguson, B, Shatzman, A R, Rosenberg, M
RNA segment 8 of the influenza A virus genome codes for two nonstructural proteins, NS1 and NS2, for which the functions are unknown. Cloned cDNA copies of this gene from three different influenza A...
Synthesis of an ochre suppressor tRNA gene and expression in mammalian cells.
Laski, F A, Belagaje, R, Hudziak, R M, Capecchi, M R, Norton, G P, Palese, P, ...
We have used site-specific mutagenesis to change the anticodon of a Xenopus laevis tyrosine tRNA gene so that it would recognize ochre codons. This tRNA gene is expressed when amplified in monkey...
The influenza virus NEP (NS2 protein) mediates the nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins.
O'Neill, R E, Talon, J, Palese, P
Nuclear import and export of viral nucleic acids is crucial for the replication cycle of many viruses, and elucidation of the mechanism of these steps may provide a paradigm for understanding general...
Graves, P N, Grabowski, G A, Ludman, M D, Palese, P, Smith, F I
Human acid beta-glucosidase (beta-Glc) mRNA was evaluated by dot blot, Northern blot, and S1 nuclease analyses of extracts of HeLa cells and cultured fibroblasts from normal individuals and Gaucher...
Miyahira, Y., García-Sastre, A., Rodriguez, D., Rodriguez, J. R., Murata, K., Tsuji, M., ...
Extensive studies on protective immunity to rodent malaria provided the basis for the current experiments in which mice were immunized with recombinant (re) influenza and vaccinia viruses expressing...
Negative-strand RNA viruses: genetic engineering and applications.
Palese, P, Zheng, H, Engelhardt, O G, Pleschka, S, García-Sastre, A
The negative-strand RNA viruses are a broad group of animal viruses that comprise several important human pathogens, including influenza, measles, mumps, rabies, respiratory syncytial, Ebola, and...
Li, S, Rodrigues, M, Rodriguez, D, Rodriguez, J R, Esteban, M, Palese, P, ...
Live vectors expressing foreign antigens have been used to induce immunity against several pathogens. However, for the virulent rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii, the use of recombinant...
Positive Darwinian evolution in human influenza A viruses.
Fitch, W M, Leiter, J M, Li, X Q, Palese, P
We earlier suggested that type A human influenza virus genes undergo positive Darwinian selection through immune surveillance. This requires more favorable amino acid replacements fixed in antigenic...
Muster, T, Subbarao, E K, Enami, M, Murphy, B R, Palese, P
Influenza A and B viruses have not been shown to form reassortants. It had been assumed that the lack of genotypic mixing between influenza virus types reflected differences in polymerase and...
Inhibition of influenza virus replication by phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides.
Leiter, J M, Agrawal, S, Palese, P, Zamecnik, P C
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were synthesized and tested for their antiviral activity against influenza viruses. ODNs corresponded to the polymerase PB1 gene of either influenza A/WSN/33 virus or...
Introduction of site-specific mutations into the genome of influenza virus.
Enami, M, Luytjes, W, Krystal, M, Palese, P
We succeeded in rescuing infectious influenza virus by transfecting cells with RNAs derived from specific recombinant DNAs. RNA corresponding to the neuraminidase (NA) gene of influenza A/WSN/33...
Staczek, J., Gilleland, H. E., Gilleland, L. B., Harty, R. N., García-Sastre, A., Engelhardt, O. G., ...
The ability of a chimeric influenza virus containing, within the antigenic B site of its hemagglutinin, an 11-amino-acid (AEGRAINRRVE) insert from the peptide 10 epitope of outer membrane (OM)...
Influenza B viruses with site-specific mutations introduced into the HA gene.
We have succeeded in engineering changes into the genome of influenza B virus. First, model RNAs containing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene flanked by the noncoding sequences of the HA or...
A reverse-genetics system employing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene has been established previously for Sendai virus. We utilized PCR-directed mutagenesis to introduce...
Muster, T, Ferko, B, Klima, A, Purtscher, M, Trkola, A, Schulz, P, ...
Previously, we constructed a chimeric influenza virus that expresses the highly conserved amino acid sequence ELDKWA of gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Antisera elicited in mice...
A plasmid-based reverse genetics system for influenza A virus.
Pleschka, S, Jaskunas, R, Engelhardt, O G, Zürcher, T, Palese, P, García-Sastre, A
A reverse genetics system for negative-strand RNA viruses was first successfully developed for influenza viruses. This technology involved the transfection of in vitro-reconstituted ribonucleoprotein...
Wolff, T, O'Neill, R E, Palese, P
The yeast interaction trap system was used to identify, NS1-I (for NS1 interactor), which is a human protein that binds to the nonstructural NS1 protein of the influenza A virus. NS1-I is a human...
Wang, P, Palese, P, O'Neill, R E
Two cellular proteins, NPI-1 and NPI-3, were previously identified through their interaction with the influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) by using the yeast two-hybrid system. These proteins were then...
Expression of a foreign protein by influenza A virus.
Percy, N, Barclay, W S, García-Sastre, A, Palese, P
In this report we describe the rescue of a transfectant influenza A virus which stably expresses a heterologous protein, bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). The foreign sequences...
Characterization of the polyadenylation signal of influenza virus RNA.
It has been shown that a stretch of uridines (U's) near the 5' end of the virion RNA of influenza A virus is the polyadenylation site for viral mRNA synthesis. In addition, the RNA duplex made up the...
Muster, T, Guinea, R, Trkola, A, Purtscher, M, Klima, A, Steindl, F, ...
Previously we identified the highly conserved amino acids Glu-Leu-Asp-Lys-Trp-Ala (ELDKWA) on the ecto-domain of gp41 as the epitope of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (2F5) directed against human...
Mutations at palmitylation sites of the influenza virus hemagglutinin affect virus formation.
The carboxy terminus of the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A viruses contains three cysteine residues which are highly conserved among HA subtypes. It has previously been shown for the H2, H3, and...
García-Sastre, A, Muster, T, Barclay, W S, Percy, N, Palese, P
The ribonucleoprotein transfection system for influenza virus allowed us to construct two influenza A viruses, GP2/BIP-NA and HGP2/BIP-NA, which contained bicistronic neuraminidase (NA) genes. The...
Li, S, Polonis, V, Isobe, H, Zaghouani, H, Guinea, R, Moran, T, ...
Expression vectors based on DNA or plus-stranded RNA viruses are being developed as vaccine carriers directed against various pathogens. Less is known about the use of negative-stranded RNA viruses,...
Glycosylation of neuraminidase determines the neurovirulence of influenza A/WSN/33 virus.
Li, S, Schulman, J, Itamura, S, Palese, P
The neuraminidase (NA) gene of influenza A/WSN/33 (WSN) virus has previously been shown to be associated with neurovirulence in mice and growth in Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. Nucleotide...
Li, S Q, Schulman, J L, Moran, T, Bona, C, Palese, P
Influenza virus transfectants with chimeric hemagglutinins were constructed by using a ribonucleoprotein transfection method. Transfectants W(H1)-H2 and W(H1)-H3 contained A/WSN/33(H1N1) (WSN)...
Transfection-mediated recombination of influenza A virus.
Bergmann, M, García-Sastre, A, Palese, P
Several mechanisms, including a high mutation rate and reassortment of genes, have been found to be responsible for the variability of influenza A viruses. RNA recombination would be another...
High-efficiency formation of influenza virus transfectants.
cDNA-derived RNAs were introduced into the genomes of influenza viruses by using an improved ribonucleoprotein (RNP) transfection protocol. Up to 10(5) viral transfectants with a novel neuraminidase...
Luo, G X, Luytjes, W, Enami, M, Palese, P
Appropriate RNAs are transcribed and amplified and proteins are expressed after transfection into cells of in vitro-reconstituted RNA-protein complexes and infection with influenza virus as the...
Mutational analysis of the promoter required for influenza virus virion RNA synthesis.
An in vitro RNA synthesis system was established in which the influenza virus virion (minus-sense) RNA was made from the synthetic plus-sense RNA (cRNA) template by the purified viral polymerase...
Mechanism of attenuation of a chimeric influenza A/B transfectant virus.
Luo, G, Bergmann, M, Garcia-Sastre, A, Palese, P
The ribonucleoprotein transfection system for influenza virus allowed us to construct an influenza A virus containing a chimeric neuraminidase (NA) gene in which the noncoding sequence is derived...
Determination of influenza virus proteins required for genome replication.
Huang, T S, Palese, P, Krystal, M
An artificial vaccinia virus vector-driven replication system for influenza virus RNA has been developed. In this system, a synthetic NS-like gene is replicated and expressed by influenza virus...
Influenza C virus esterase: analysis of catalytic site, inhibition, and possible function.
Vlasak, R, Muster, T, Lauro, A M, Powers, J C, Palese, P
The active site serine of the acetylesterase of influenza C virus was localized to amino acid 71 of the hemagglutinin-esterase protein by affinity labeling with 3H-labeled diisopropylfluorophosphate....
Promoter analysis of influenza virus RNA polymerase.
Parvin, J D, Palese, P, Honda, A, Ishihama, A, Krystal, M
Influenza virus polymerase, which was prepared depleted of viral RNA, was used to copy small RNA templates prepared from plasmid-encoded sequences. Template constructions containing only the 3' end...
Influenza C virus RNA 7 codes for a nonstructural protein.
Nakada, S, Graves, P N, Desselberger, U, Creager, R S, Krystal, M, Palese, P
The complete nucleotide sequence of RNA segment 7 of influenza C/California/78 virus was determined by using cloned cDNA derived from viral RNA. The gene is 934 nucleotides long and possesses a long...
Measurement of the mutation rates of animal viruses: influenza A virus and poliovirus type 1.
Parvin, J D, Moscona, A, Pan, W T, Leider, J M, Palese, P
Epidemiologic and genetic evidence suggests that influenza A viruses evolve more rapidly than other viruses in humans. Although the high mutation rate of the virus is often cited as the cause of the...
Determination of the mutation rate of a retrovirus.
Leider, J M, Palese, P, Smith, F I
The mutation rate of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) was measured. Progeny descended from a single virion were collected after one replication cycle, and seven regions of the genome were analyzed for...
Evidence that the matrix protein of influenza C virus is coded for by a spliced mRNA.
Yamashita, M, Krystal, M, Palese, P
In contrast to influenza A and B viruses, which encode their matrix (M) proteins via an unspliced mRNA, the influenza C virus M protein appears to be coded for by a spliced mRNA from RNA segment 6....
The E3 protein of bovine coronavirus is a receptor-destroying enzyme with acetylesterase activity.
Vlasak, R, Luytjes, W, Leider, J, Spaan, W, Palese, P
In addition to members of the Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae, several coronaviruses have been shown to possess receptor-destroying activities. Purified bovine coronavirus (BCV) preparations...
Two nuclear location signals in the influenza virus NS1 nonstructural protein.
Greenspan, D, Palese, P, Krystal, M
The NS1 protein of influenza A virus has been shown to enter and accumulate in the nuclei of virus-infected cells independently of any other influenza viral protein. Therefore, the NS1 protein...
Greenspan, D, Krystal, M, Nakada, S, Arnheiter, H, Lyles, D S, Palese, P
The nonstructural NS2 protein of influenza A/PR/8/34 virus was efficiently expressed in bacteria, and monospecific antisera were prepared against the bacterially synthesized polypeptide. These...
Analysis of an influenza A virus mutant with a deletion in the NS segment.
Buonagurio, D A, Krystal, M, Palese, P, DeBorde, D C, Maassab, H F
The influenza virus host range mutant CR43-3, derived by recombination from the A/Alaska/6/77 and the cold-adapted and temperature-sensitive A/Ann Arbor/6/60 viruses, has previously been shown to...
Influenza C virus hemagglutinin: comparison with influenza A and B virus hemagglutinins.
Nakada, S, Creager, R S, Krystal, M, Aaronson, R P, Palese, P
The complete nucleotide sequence of the influenza C/California/78 virus RNA 4 was obtained by using cloned cDNA derived from the RNA segment. This gene is 2,071 nucleotides long and can code for a...
Sequential mutations in the NS genes of influenza virus field strains.
Krystal, M, Buonagurio, D, Young, J F, Palese, P
The complete nucleotide sequences of the NS genes from three human influenza viruses, A/FM/1/47 (H1N1), A/FW/1/50 (H1N1), and A/USSR/90/77 (H1N1), were determined. Only five single-base differences...
Vlasak, R, Luytjes, W, Spaan, W, Palese, P
Human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus elute from agglutinated chicken erythrocytes when incubated at 37 degrees C, suggesting the presence of a receptor-destroying enzyme. Moreover, bovine...
Hsu, M T, Parvin, J D, Gupta, S, Krystal, M, Palese, P
The viral RNA segments in influenza virions were shown to be circular in conformation by using psoralen crosslinking methods. Electron microscopy of purified RNA following treatment of virus with the...
Krystal, M, Li, R, Lyles, D, Pavlakis, G, Palese, P
Transformed cell lines derived from murine C127 cells were constructed that express the influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase proteins (PA, PB1, and PB2). Cell lines that express only one or...
Baez, M, Taussig, R, Zazra, J J, Young, J F, Palese, P, Reisfeld, A, ...
The nucleotide sequence of the NS gene of the human influenza virus A/PR/8/34 was determined and found to be the same length (890 nucleotides) as the NS gene of another human influenza virus...
Oligonucleotide mapping: evaluation of its sensitivity by computer-simulation.
Aaronson, R P, Young, J F, Palese, P
A frequently used method of comparing large RNA molecules employs the two-dimensional display of oligonucleotides generated through the action of specific RNases (oligonucleotide mapping,...
Krystal, M, Elliott, R M, Benz, E W, Young, J F, Palese, P
The complete nucleotide sequence of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of a type B influenza virus (B/Lee/40) was obtained by using cloned cDNA derived from the RNA segment. The gene is 1,882 nucleotides...
Influenza B virus genome: assignment of viral polypeptides to RNA segments.
It was shown that all eight RNA segments of influenza B viruses are most likely monocistronic and code for eight virus-specific polypeptides. A genetic map of the influenza B virus genome was...
Temperature-sensitive mutants of influenza WSN virus defective in virus-specific RNA synthesis.
Influenza WSN virus temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants were examined for defects in viral complementary RNA (cRNA) synthesis. The synthesis of viral cRNA was determined by hybridizing RNA from...
Selection and identification of influenza virus recombinants of defined genetic composition.
The RNAs of influenza virus recombinants were analyzed on polyacrylamide gels under conditions in which the derivation of specific RNA segments (including those coding for hemagglutinin and...
Ritchey, M B, Palese, P, Schulman, J L
In previous communications we reported that the eight RNA segments of influenza A/PR/8/34 (HON1) virus could be distinguished from corresponding segments of influenza A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) virus by...
Palese, P., Bodo, G., Tuppy, H.
A synthetic neuraminidase substrate [2-(3′-methoxyphenyl)-N-acetyl-α-neuraminic acid] was used to detect myxo- and paramyxovirus replication in tissue culture. This method allowed estimation of...
Aubertin, A., Palese, P., Tan, K. B., Vilagines, R., McAuslan, B. R.
The adenosine triphosphatase associated with frog virus 3 shows high specificity for ATP or deoxyadenosine triphosphate and appears to be distinct from the corresponding activity in host cells,...
Applications of a Synthetic Neuraminidase Substrate
Palese, P., Bucher, D., Kilbourne, E. D.
A rapid and precise assay for neuraminidase using 2-(3′-methoxyphenyl)-N-acetyl-α-neuraminic acid (MPN) is described. It is proposed that this substrate be used for the standardization of activity...
Krystal, M, Young, J F, Palese, P, Wilson, I A, Skehel, J J, Wiley, D C
Comparative analysis of the amino acid sequences of hemagglutinins (HAs) of influenza B/Lee/40, B/Md/59, and B/HK/73 viruses has allowed examination of the molecular basis of antigenic variation in...
Desselberger, U, Nakajima, K, Alfino, P, Pedersen, F S, Haseltine, W A, Hannoun, C, ...
Oligonucleotide analysis of two avian influenza A viruses (Hav6N2 and Hav6Nav4) isolated in nature showed identical or almost identical patterns for the corresponding M and HA genes; 24 of 25 and 13...
In June of 1977, a new influenza A pandemic was started by strains of the H1N1 serotype. Oligonucleotide fingerprint analysis of the RNA from viruses isolated during the early stage of this pandemic...
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNA of influenza A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) viruses and recombinant viruses derived from them revealed that each contains eight RNA...
Differences in RNA patterns of influenza A viruses.
Analysis of the segmented RNAs of influenza A viruses by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide urea slab gels has provided a method for sharper resolution of the number and migration rates of different...
RNAs of influenza A, B, and C viruses.
Ritchey, M B, Palese, P, Kilbourne, E D
The nucleic acids of influenza A, B, and C viruses were compared. Susceptibility to nucleases demonstrates that influenza C virus, just as influenza A and B viruses, possesses single-stranded RNA as...
P1 and P3 proteins of influenza virus are required for complementary RNA synthesis.
Palese, P, Ritchey, M B, Schulman, J L
Members of two temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant groups of influenza A/WSN virus defective in complementary RNA synthesis were analyzed with respect to the identity of their defective genes. RNA...
Identification of the defective genes in three mutant groups of influenza virus.
Seven complementation-recombination groups of temperature-sensitive (ts) influenza WSN virus mutants have been previously isolated. Recently two of these groups (IV and VI) were shown to possess...
The genetic basis for the distinctive capacity of influenza A/WSN/33 (H0N1) virus (WSN virus) to produce plaques on bovine kidney (MDBK) cells was found to be related to virus neuraminidase....
Susceptibility of influenza A viruses to amantadine is influenced by the gene coding for M protein.
Lubeck, M D, Schulman, J L, Palese, P
Influenza A virus recombinants derived from "resistant" and "sensitive" parental viruses were examined for susceptibility to inhibition by amantadine. Correlation of gene constellation and amantadine...
Isolation of influenza C virus recombinants.
Recombinants between two different influenza C viruses were isolated. In MDCK (canine kidney) cells, one strain, C/JJ/50, caused lytic plaques, whereas C/JHG/66 virus did not produce clear plaques....
Efficient expression of influenza virus NS1 nonstructural proteins in Escherichia coli.
Young, J F, Desselberger, U, Palese, P, Ferguson, B, Shatzman, A R, Rosenberg, M
RNA segment 8 of the influenza A virus genome codes for two nonstructural proteins, NS1 and NS2, for which the functions are unknown. Cloned cDNA copies of this gene from three different influenza A...
Synthesis of an ochre suppressor tRNA gene and expression in mammalian cells.
Laski, F A, Belagaje, R, Hudziak, R M, Capecchi, M R, Norton, G P, Palese, P, ...
We have used site-specific mutagenesis to change the anticodon of a Xenopus laevis tyrosine tRNA gene so that it would recognize ochre codons. This tRNA gene is expressed when amplified in monkey...
The influenza virus NEP (NS2 protein) mediates the nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins.
O'Neill, R E, Talon, J, Palese, P
Nuclear import and export of viral nucleic acids is crucial for the replication cycle of many viruses, and elucidation of the mechanism of these steps may provide a paradigm for understanding general...
Graves, P N, Grabowski, G A, Ludman, M D, Palese, P, Smith, F I
Human acid beta-glucosidase (beta-Glc) mRNA was evaluated by dot blot, Northern blot, and S1 nuclease analyses of extracts of HeLa cells and cultured fibroblasts from normal individuals and Gaucher...
Plasmid-only rescue of influenza A virus vaccine candidates.
Schickli, J H, Flandorfer, A, Nakaya, T, Martinez-Sobrido, L, García-Sastre, A, Palese, P
The potential threat of another influenza virus pandemic stimulates discussion on how to prepare for such an event. The most reasonable prophylactic approach appears to be the use of effective...