Paul Keim

Phylogeographic reconstruction of a bacterial species with high levels of lateral gene transfer (2009)

Pearson, Talima, Giffard, Philip, Beckstrom-Sternberg, Stephen, Auerbach, Raymond, Hornstra, Heidie, Tuanyok, Apichai, ...

Abstract Background Phylogeographic reconstruction of some bacterial populations is hindered by low diversity coupled with high levels of lateral gene transfer. A comparison of recombination levels...

Francisella tularensissubsp. novicidaisolated from a human in Arizona (2009)

Birdsell, Dawn N, Stewart, Tasha, Vogler, Amy J, Lawaczeck, Elisabeth, Diggs, Alisa, Sylvester, Tammy L, ...

Abstract Background Francisella tularensis is the etiologic agent of tularemia and is classified as a select agent by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Currently four known subspecies...

Bacillus anthracisin China and its relationship to worldwide lineages (2009)

Simonson, Tatum S, Okinaka, Richard T, Wang, Bingxiang, Easterday, W Ryan, Huynh, Lynn, U'Ren, Jana M, ...

Abstract Background The global pattern of distribution of 1033 B. anthracis isolates has previously been defined by a set of 12 conserved canonical single nucleotide polymorphisms (canSNP). These...

Bacillus anthracis in China and Its Relationship to Worldwide Lineages (2009)

Simonson, Tatum S., Okinaka, Richard T., Wang, Bingxiang, Easterday, W. Ryan, Huynh, Lynn, U'Ren, Jana M., ...

Background: The global pattern of distribution of 1033 B. anthracis isolates has previously been defined by a set of 12 conserved canonical single nucleotide polymorphisms (canSNP). These studies...

Extending the Path Analysis Technique to Obtain a Soft WCET (2009)

Keim, Paul, Noyes, Amanda, Ferguson, Andrew, Neal, Joshua, Healy, Christopher

This paper discusses an efficient approach to statically compute a WCET that is "soft" rather than "hard". The goal of most timing analysis is to determine a guaranteed WCET; however this execution...

Genomic islands from five strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei (2008)

Tuanyok, Apichai, Leadem, Benjamin R, Auerbach, Raymond K, Beckstrom-Sternberg, Stephen M, Beckstrom-Sternberg, James S, Mayo, Mark, ...

Abstract Background Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiologic agent of melioidosis, a significant cause of morbidity and mortality where this infection is endemic. Genomic differences among strains...

Lack of Genetic Differentiation in Aggressive and Secondary Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Arizona (2008)

Christopher J. Allender, Karen M. Clancy, Tom E. Degomez, Joel D. McMillin, Scott A. Woolbright, Paul Keim, ...

Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) play an important role as disturbance agents in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson) forests of Arizona. However, from 2001 to 2003,...

The Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis Al Hakam (2008)

Challacombe, Jean F., Altherr, Michael R., Xie, Gary, Bhotika, Smriti S., Brown, Nancy, Bruce, David, ...

Bacillus thuringiensis is an insect pathogen that is widely used as a biopesticide (3). Here we report the finished, annotated genome sequence of B. thuringiensis Al Hakam, which was collected in...

Uloga zakonskih mjera i mikrobiološke sudskomedicinske znanosti u proučavanju bioterorozma (2007)

Bruce Budowle, Jodi A. Beaudry, Neel G. Barnaby, Alan M. Giusti, Jason D. Bannan, Paul Keim

Rizici i opasnosti od bioterorizma i biološkog kriminala postali su velika briga i izazov za državne vlade i društvo, jer oni moraju povećati sigurnosne mjere u odnosu na te prijetnje. Primjena...

Tandem repeat regions within the Burkholderia pseudomalleigenome and their application for high resolution genotyping (2007)

U'Ren, Jana M, Schupp, James M, Pearson, Talima, Hornstra, Heidie, Friedman, Christine, Smith, Kimothy L, ...

Abstract Background The facultative, intracellular bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a serious infectious disease of humans and animals. We identified and...

The Pathogenomic Sequence Analysis of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis Isolates Closely Related to Bacillus anthracis (2005)

Han, Cliff S., Xie, Gary, Challacombe, Jean F., Altherr, Michael R., Smriti, B., Bruce, David, ...

The sequencing and analysis of two close relatives of Bacillus anthracis are reported. AFLP analysis of over 300 isolates of B. cereus, B. thuringiensis and B. anthracis identified two isolates as...

Microevolution and history of the plague bacillus, Yersinia pestis (2004)

Achtman,Mark, Morelli,Giovanna, Zhu,Peixuan X., Wirth,Thierry, Diehl,Ines, Kusecek,Barica, ...

The association of historical plague pandemics with Yersinia pestis remains controversial, partly because the evolutionary history of this largely monomorphic bacterium was unknown. The...

Microarrays for global expression constructed with a low redundancy set of 27,500 sequenced cDNAs representing an array of developmental stages and physiological conditions of the soybean plant (2004)

Vodkin, Lila O, Khanna, Anupama, Shealy, Robin, Clough, Steven J, Gonzalez, Delkin, Philip, Reena, ...

Abstract Background Microarrays are an important tool with which to examine coordinated gene expression. Soybean ( Glycine max ) is one of the most economically valuable crop species in the world...

Microarrays for global expression constructed with a low redundancy set of 27,500 sequenced cDNAs representing an array of developmental stages and physiological conditions of the soybean plant (2004)

Vodkin, Lila, Khanna, Anupama, Shealy, Robin, Clough, Steven, Gonzalez, Delkin, Philip, Reena, ...

BACKGROUND:Microarrays are an important tool with which to examine coordinated gene expression. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most economically valuable crop species in the world food supply....

NESTLING SEX RATIO IN THE SOUTHWESTERN WILLOW FLYCATCHER (2002)

Eben H. Paxton, Mark K. Sogge, Tracy D. McCarthey, Paul Keim

Using molecular-genetic techniques, we determined the gender of 202 Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) nestlings from 95 nests sampled over a five-year period. Overall...

HYBRID POPULATIONS SELECTIVELY FILTER GENE INTROGRESSION BETWEEN SPECIES (2001)

Gregory D. Martinsen, Thomas G. Whitham, Richard J. Turek, Paul Keim

Hybrids have long been recognized as a potential pathway for gene flow between species that can have important consequences for evolution and conservation biology. However, few studies have...

Über die Vereinigung von Benzil mit Phenol / (1909)

Keim, Paul.

Thesis (doctoral)--Hessische Ludwigs-Universität Giessen, 1909.

PCR analysis of tissue samples from the 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax victims: The presence of multiple Bacillus anthracis strains in different victims

Jackson, Paul J., Hugh-Jones, Martin E., Adair, Debra M., Green, Gertrude, Hill, Karen K., Kuske, Cheryl R., ...

An outbreak of human anthrax occurred in Sverdlovsk, Union of Soviet Socialists Republic (now Ekaterinburg, Russia) in April 1979. Officials attributed this to consumption of contaminated meat, but...

Identification and Characterization of Variable-Number Tandem Repeats in the Yersinia pestis Genome

Klevytska, Alexandra M., Price, Lance B., Schupp, James M., Worsham, Patricia L., Wong, Jane, Keim, Paul

Yersinia pestis, the infamous plague-causing pathogen, appears to have emerged in relatively recent history. Evidence of this fact comes from several studies that document a lack of nucleotide...

Francisella tularensis Strain Typing Using Multiple-Locus, Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis

Farlow, Jason, Smith, Kimothy L., Wong, Jane, Abrams, Michelle, Lytle, Michael, Keim, Paul

Francisella tularensis, the etiological agent of tularemia, is found throughout the Northern hemisphere. After analyzing the F. tularensis genomic sequence for potential variable-number tandem...

Molecular Investigation of the Aum Shinrikyo Anthrax Release in Kameido, Japan

Keim, Paul, Smith, Kimothy L., Keys, Christine, Takahashi, Hiroshi, Kurata, Takeshi, Kaufmann, Arnold

In 1993, the Aum Shinrikyo cult aerosolized Bacillus anthracis spores over Kameido, Japan. Spore samples were obtained from the release site, cultured, and characterized by molecular genetic typing....

Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Norwegian Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis Soil Isolates

Ticknor, Lawrence O., Kolstø, Anne-Brit, Hill, Karen K., Keim, Paul, Laker, Miriam T., Tonks, Melinda, ...

We examined 154 Norwegian B. cereus and B. thuringiensis soil isolates (collected from five different locations), 8 B. cereus and 2 B. thuringiensis reference strains, and 2 Bacillus anthracis...

Genetic Diversity in the Protective Antigen Gene of Bacillus anthracis

Price, Lance B., Hugh-Jones, Martin, Jackson, Paul J., Keim, Paul

Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that causes the disease anthrax. The anthrax toxin contains three components, including the protective antigen (PA), which binds to...

vrrB, a Hypervariable Open Reading Frame in Bacillus anthracis

Schupp, James M., Klevytska, Alexandra M., Zinser, Guenevier, Price, Lance B., Keim, Paul

Bacillus anthracis appears to be the most molecularly homogeneous bacterial species known. Extensive surveys of worldwide isolates have revealed vanishingly small amounts of genomic variation. The...

Development and Testing of a Bacterial Biosensor for Toluene-Based Environmental Contaminants

Willardson, Barry M., Wilkins, Jon F., Rand, Timothy A., Schupp, James M., Hill, Karen K., Keim, Paul, ...

A bacterial biosensor for benzene, toluene, and similar compounds has been constructed, characterized, and field tested on contaminated water and soil. The biosensor is based on a plasmid...

Molecular Analysis of Rifampin Resistance in Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus

Vogler, Amy J., Busch, Joseph D., Percy-Fine, Stephanie, Tipton-Hunton, Christine, Smith, Kimothy L., Keim, Paul

Rifampin-resistant mutants were selected from UV-light-treated Bacillus cereus (20 mutants) and attenuated B. anthracis (23 mutants). In addition, spontaneous rifampin-resistant mutants were also...

Genome Differences That Distinguish Bacillus anthracis from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis

Radnedge, Lyndsay, Agron, Peter G., Hill, Karen K., Jackson, Paul J., Ticknor, Lawrence O., Keim, Paul, ...

The three species of the group 1 bacilli, Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis, are genetically very closely related. All inhabit soil habitats but exhibit different phenotypes. B....

Strain Typing of Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii by Using Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis

Farlow, Jason, Postic, Danielle, Smith, Kimothy L., Jay, Zack, Baranton, Guy, Keim, Paul

Human Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most prevalent arthropod-borne infection in temperate climate zones around the world and is caused by Borrelia spirochetes. We have identified 10 variable-number...

Diversity among French Bacillus anthracis Isolates

Fouet, Agnès, Smith, Kimothy L., Keys, Chris, Vaissaire, Josée, Le Doujet, Claudine, Lévy, Martine, ...

While outbreaks of animal anthrax zoonoses still regularly occur in France, little is known about the epidemiology links between them. We have used the eight-locus multilocus variable-number tandem...

In Vitro Selection and Characterization of Bacillus anthracis Mutants with High-Level Resistance to Ciprofloxacin

Price, Lance B., Vogler, Amy, Pearson, Talima, Busch, Joseph D., Schupp, James M., Keim, Paul

Mutants of attenuated Bacillus anthracis with high-level ciprofloxacin resistance were isolated using a three-step in vitro selection. Ciprofloxacin MICs were 0.5 μg/ml for first-step mutants, which...

Molecular Typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Using Nine Novel Variable-Number Tandem Repeats across the Beijing Family and Low-Copy-Number IS6110 Isolates

Scott Spurgiesz, R., Quitugua, Teresa N., Smith, Kimothy L., Schupp, James, Palmer, Eldon G., Cox, Rebecca A., ...

Molecular epidemiological tools for genotyping clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been developed and used to help track and contain transmission of tuberculosis. We identified 87...

Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates

Hill, Karen K., Ticknor, Lawrence O., Okinaka, Richard T., Asay, Michelle, Blair, Heather, Bliss, Katherine A., ...

DNA from over 300 Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis isolates was analyzed by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). B. thuringiensis and B. cereus...

Differential plague-transmission dynamics determine Yersinia pestis population genetic structure on local, regional, and global scales

Girard, Jessica M., Wagner, David M., Vogler, Amy J., Keys, Christine, Allender, Christopher J., Drickamer, Lee C., ...

Plague, the disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, has greatly impacted human civilization. Y. pestis is a successful global pathogen, with active foci on all continents except Australia...

Worldwide Genetic Relationships among Francisella tularensis Isolates Determined by Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis

Johansson, Anders, Farlow, Jason, Larsson, Pär, Dukerich, Meghan, Chambers, Elias, Byström, Mona, ...

The intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia and poses a serious threat as an agent of bioterrorism. We have developed a highly effective molecular subtyping...

Phylogenetic discovery bias in Bacillus anthracis using single-nucleotide polymorphisms from whole-genome sequencing

Pearson, Talima, Busch, Joseph D., Ravel, Jacques, Read, Timothy D., Rhoton, Shane D., U'Ren, Jana M., ...

Phylogenetic reconstruction using molecular data is often subject to homoplasy, leading to inaccurate conclusions about phylogenetic relationships among operational taxonomic units. Compared with...

Microevolution and history of the plague bacillus, Yersinia pestis

Achtman, Mark, Morelli, Giovanna, Zhu, Peixuan, Wirth, Thierry, Diehl, Ines, Kusecek, Barica, ...

The association of historical plague pandemics with Yersinia pestis remains controversial, partly because the evolutionary history of this largely monomorphic bacterium was unknown. The...

Identifying Sources of Human Exposure to Plague

Lowell, Jennifer L., Wagner, David M., Atshabar, Bakyt, Antolin, Michael F., Vogler, Amy J., Keim, Paul, ...

Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, has shaped the course of human history, killing millions of people in three major pandemics. This bacterium is still endemic in parts of Asia, Africa,...

Use of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the plcR Gene for Specific Identification of Bacillus anthracis

Easterday, W. Ryan, Van Ert, Matthew N., Simonson, Tatum S., Wagner, David M., Kenefic, Leo J., Allender, Christopher J., ...

A TaqMan-minor groove binding assay designed around a nonsense mutation in the plcR gene was used to genotype Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis isolates. The assay differentiated B....

Characterization of a Bacillus anthracis Isolate Causing a Rare Case of Fatal Anthrax in a 2-Year-Old Boy from Hong Kong

Cheung, Danny T. L., Kam, Kai Man, Hau, Kong Lung, Au, Tak Kong, Marston, Chung K., Gee, Jay E., ...

We used multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and pagA sequencing to genotype a Bacillus anthracis isolate from a fatal case of human anthrax in Hong Kong. The isolate has a...

Molecular Diversity of Bacillus anthracis in Italy

Fasanella, Antonio, Van Ert, Matthew, Altamura, Settimia A., Garofolo, Giuliano, Buonavoglia, Canio, Leori, Guido, ...

We used multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) to type 64 Bacillus anthracis isolates from outbreaks that have occurred during the past 40 years in Italy. MLVA of the 64...

Detection of Diverse New Francisella-Like Bacteria in Environmental Samples†

Barns, Susan M., Grow, Christy C., Okinaka, Richard T., Keim, Paul, Kuske, Cheryl R.

Following detection of putative Francisella species in aerosol samples from Houston, Texas, we surveyed soil and water samples from the area for the agent of tularemia, Francisella tularensis, and...

Use of a Real-Time PCR TaqMan Assay for Rapid Identification and Differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei

U'Ren, Jana M., Van Ert, Matthew N., Schupp, James M., Easterday, W. Ryan, Simonson, Tatum S., Okinaka, Richard T., ...

A TaqMan allelic-discrimination assay designed around a synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism was used to genotype Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei isolates. The assay rapidly...

Pathogenomic Sequence Analysis of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates Closely Related to Bacillus anthracis†

Han, Cliff S., Xie, Gary, Challacombe, Jean F., Altherr, Michael R., Bhotika, Smriti S., Bruce, David, ...

Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis are closely related gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria of the B. cereus sensu lato group. While independently derived strains of B....

Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Life Span in Replicated Populations of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Composite Interval Mapping

Forbes, Scott N., Valenzuela, Robert K., Keim, Paul, Service, Philip M.

Composite interval mapping was used to identify life-span QTL in F2 progeny of three crosses between different pairs of inbred lines. Each inbred line was derived from a different outbred population...

Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Life Span in Replicated Populations of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Response to Selection

Valenzuela, Robert K., Forbes, Scott N., Keim, Paul, Service, Philip M.

Three selection experiments were used to identify chromosome regions that contain QTL affecting late-life and early-life fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. The selection experiments were initiated...

Effect of Repeat Copy Number on Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Mutations in Escherichia coli O157:H7

Vogler, Amy J., Keys, Christine, Nemoto, Yoshimi, Colman, Rebecca E., Jay, Zack, Keim, Paul

Variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci have shown a remarkable ability to discriminate among isolates of the recently emerged clonal pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7, making them a very useful...

PCR analysis of tissue samples from the 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax victims: The presence of multiple Bacillus anthracis strains in different victims

Jackson, Paul J., Hugh-Jones, Martin E., Adair, Debra M., Green, Gertrude, Hill, Karen K., Kuske, Cheryl R., ...

An outbreak of human anthrax occurred in Sverdlovsk, Union of Soviet Socialists Republic (now Ekaterinburg, Russia) in April 1979. Officials attributed this to consumption of contaminated meat, but...

Identification and Characterization of Variable-Number Tandem Repeats in the Yersinia pestis Genome

Klevytska, Alexandra M., Price, Lance B., Schupp, James M., Worsham, Patricia L., Wong, Jane, Keim, Paul

Yersinia pestis, the infamous plague-causing pathogen, appears to have emerged in relatively recent history. Evidence of this fact comes from several studies that document a lack of nucleotide...

Francisella tularensis Strain Typing Using Multiple-Locus, Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis

Farlow, Jason, Smith, Kimothy L., Wong, Jane, Abrams, Michelle, Lytle, Michael, Keim, Paul

Francisella tularensis, the etiological agent of tularemia, is found throughout the Northern hemisphere. After analyzing the F. tularensis genomic sequence for potential variable-number tandem...

Molecular Investigation of the Aum Shinrikyo Anthrax Release in Kameido, Japan

Keim, Paul, Smith, Kimothy L., Keys, Christine, Takahashi, Hiroshi, Kurata, Takeshi, Kaufmann, Arnold

In 1993, the Aum Shinrikyo cult aerosolized Bacillus anthracis spores over Kameido, Japan. Spore samples were obtained from the release site, cultured, and characterized by molecular genetic typing....

Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Norwegian Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis Soil Isolates

Ticknor, Lawrence O., Kolstø, Anne-Brit, Hill, Karen K., Keim, Paul, Laker, Miriam T., Tonks, Melinda, ...

We examined 154 Norwegian B. cereus and B. thuringiensis soil isolates (collected from five different locations), 8 B. cereus and 2 B. thuringiensis reference strains, and 2 Bacillus anthracis...

Genetic Diversity in the Protective Antigen Gene of Bacillus anthracis

Price, Lance B., Hugh-Jones, Martin, Jackson, Paul J., Keim, Paul

Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that causes the disease anthrax. The anthrax toxin contains three components, including the protective antigen (PA), which binds to...

vrrB, a Hypervariable Open Reading Frame in Bacillus anthracis

Schupp, James M., Klevytska, Alexandra M., Zinser, Guenevier, Price, Lance B., Keim, Paul

Bacillus anthracis appears to be the most molecularly homogeneous bacterial species known. Extensive surveys of worldwide isolates have revealed vanishingly small amounts of genomic variation. The...

Development and Testing of a Bacterial Biosensor for Toluene-Based Environmental Contaminants

Willardson, Barry M., Wilkins, Jon F., Rand, Timothy A., Schupp, James M., Hill, Karen K., Keim, Paul, ...

A bacterial biosensor for benzene, toluene, and similar compounds has been constructed, characterized, and field tested on contaminated water and soil. The biosensor is based on a plasmid...

Molecular Analysis of Rifampin Resistance in Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus

Vogler, Amy J., Busch, Joseph D., Percy-Fine, Stephanie, Tipton-Hunton, Christine, Smith, Kimothy L., Keim, Paul

Rifampin-resistant mutants were selected from UV-light-treated Bacillus cereus (20 mutants) and attenuated B. anthracis (23 mutants). In addition, spontaneous rifampin-resistant mutants were also...

Genome Differences That Distinguish Bacillus anthracis from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis

Radnedge, Lyndsay, Agron, Peter G., Hill, Karen K., Jackson, Paul J., Ticknor, Lawrence O., Keim, Paul, ...

The three species of the group 1 bacilli, Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis, are genetically very closely related. All inhabit soil habitats but exhibit different phenotypes. B....

Strain Typing of Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii by Using Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis

Farlow, Jason, Postic, Danielle, Smith, Kimothy L., Jay, Zack, Baranton, Guy, Keim, Paul

Human Lyme borreliosis (LB) is the most prevalent arthropod-borne infection in temperate climate zones around the world and is caused by Borrelia spirochetes. We have identified 10 variable-number...

Diversity among French Bacillus anthracis Isolates

Fouet, Agnès, Smith, Kimothy L., Keys, Chris, Vaissaire, Josée, Le Doujet, Claudine, Lévy, Martine, ...

While outbreaks of animal anthrax zoonoses still regularly occur in France, little is known about the epidemiology links between them. We have used the eight-locus multilocus variable-number tandem...

In Vitro Selection and Characterization of Bacillus anthracis Mutants with High-Level Resistance to Ciprofloxacin

Price, Lance B., Vogler, Amy, Pearson, Talima, Busch, Joseph D., Schupp, James M., Keim, Paul

Mutants of attenuated Bacillus anthracis with high-level ciprofloxacin resistance were isolated using a three-step in vitro selection. Ciprofloxacin MICs were 0.5 μg/ml for first-step mutants, which...

Molecular Typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Using Nine Novel Variable-Number Tandem Repeats across the Beijing Family and Low-Copy-Number IS6110 Isolates

Scott Spurgiesz, R., Quitugua, Teresa N., Smith, Kimothy L., Schupp, James, Palmer, Eldon G., Cox, Rebecca A., ...

Molecular epidemiological tools for genotyping clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have been developed and used to help track and contain transmission of tuberculosis. We identified 87...

Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates

Hill, Karen K., Ticknor, Lawrence O., Okinaka, Richard T., Asay, Michelle, Blair, Heather, Bliss, Katherine A., ...

DNA from over 300 Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis isolates was analyzed by fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). B. thuringiensis and B. cereus...

Differential plague-transmission dynamics determine Yersinia pestis population genetic structure on local, regional, and global scales

Girard, Jessica M., Wagner, David M., Vogler, Amy J., Keys, Christine, Allender, Christopher J., Drickamer, Lee C., ...

Plague, the disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, has greatly impacted human civilization. Y. pestis is a successful global pathogen, with active foci on all continents except Australia...

Worldwide Genetic Relationships among Francisella tularensis Isolates Determined by Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Analysis

Johansson, Anders, Farlow, Jason, Larsson, Pär, Dukerich, Meghan, Chambers, Elias, Byström, Mona, ...

The intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia and poses a serious threat as an agent of bioterrorism. We have developed a highly effective molecular subtyping...

Phylogenetic discovery bias in Bacillus anthracis using single-nucleotide polymorphisms from whole-genome sequencing

Pearson, Talima, Busch, Joseph D., Ravel, Jacques, Read, Timothy D., Rhoton, Shane D., U'Ren, Jana M., ...

Phylogenetic reconstruction using molecular data is often subject to homoplasy, leading to inaccurate conclusions about phylogenetic relationships among operational taxonomic units. Compared with...

Microevolution and history of the plague bacillus, Yersinia pestis

Achtman, Mark, Morelli, Giovanna, Zhu, Peixuan, Wirth, Thierry, Diehl, Ines, Kusecek, Barica, ...

The association of historical plague pandemics with Yersinia pestis remains controversial, partly because the evolutionary history of this largely monomorphic bacterium was unknown. The...

Identifying Sources of Human Exposure to Plague

Lowell, Jennifer L., Wagner, David M., Atshabar, Bakyt, Antolin, Michael F., Vogler, Amy J., Keim, Paul, ...

Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, has shaped the course of human history, killing millions of people in three major pandemics. This bacterium is still endemic in parts of Asia, Africa,...

Use of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the plcR Gene for Specific Identification of Bacillus anthracis

Easterday, W. Ryan, Van Ert, Matthew N., Simonson, Tatum S., Wagner, David M., Kenefic, Leo J., Allender, Christopher J., ...

A TaqMan-minor groove binding assay designed around a nonsense mutation in the plcR gene was used to genotype Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis isolates. The assay differentiated B....

Characterization of a Bacillus anthracis Isolate Causing a Rare Case of Fatal Anthrax in a 2-Year-Old Boy from Hong Kong

Cheung, Danny T. L., Kam, Kai Man, Hau, Kong Lung, Au, Tak Kong, Marston, Chung K., Gee, Jay E., ...

We used multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and pagA sequencing to genotype a Bacillus anthracis isolate from a fatal case of human anthrax in Hong Kong. The isolate has a...

Molecular Diversity of Bacillus anthracis in Italy

Fasanella, Antonio, Van Ert, Matthew, Altamura, Settimia A., Garofolo, Giuliano, Buonavoglia, Canio, Leori, Guido, ...

We used multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) to type 64 Bacillus anthracis isolates from outbreaks that have occurred during the past 40 years in Italy. MLVA of the 64...

Detection of Diverse New Francisella-Like Bacteria in Environmental Samples†

Barns, Susan M., Grow, Christy C., Okinaka, Richard T., Keim, Paul, Kuske, Cheryl R.

Following detection of putative Francisella species in aerosol samples from Houston, Texas, we surveyed soil and water samples from the area for the agent of tularemia, Francisella tularensis, and...

Use of a Real-Time PCR TaqMan Assay for Rapid Identification and Differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei

U'Ren, Jana M., Van Ert, Matthew N., Schupp, James M., Easterday, W. Ryan, Simonson, Tatum S., Okinaka, Richard T., ...

A TaqMan allelic-discrimination assay designed around a synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism was used to genotype Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei isolates. The assay rapidly...

Pathogenomic Sequence Analysis of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates Closely Related to Bacillus anthracis†

Han, Cliff S., Xie, Gary, Challacombe, Jean F., Altherr, Michael R., Bhotika, Smriti S., Bruce, David, ...

Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis are closely related gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria of the B. cereus sensu lato group. While independently derived strains of B....

Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Life Span in Replicated Populations of Drosophila melanogaster. I. Composite Interval Mapping

Forbes, Scott N., Valenzuela, Robert K., Keim, Paul, Service, Philip M.

Composite interval mapping was used to identify life-span QTL in F2 progeny of three crosses between different pairs of inbred lines. Each inbred line was derived from a different outbred population...

Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Life Span in Replicated Populations of Drosophila melanogaster. II. Response to Selection

Valenzuela, Robert K., Forbes, Scott N., Keim, Paul, Service, Philip M.

Three selection experiments were used to identify chromosome regions that contain QTL affecting late-life and early-life fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. The selection experiments were initiated...

Effect of Repeat Copy Number on Variable-Number Tandem Repeat Mutations in Escherichia coli O157:H7

Vogler, Amy J., Keys, Christine, Nemoto, Yoshimi, Colman, Rebecca E., Jay, Zack, Keim, Paul

Variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci have shown a remarkable ability to discriminate among isolates of the recently emerged clonal pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7, making them a very useful...

Antibiotic Susceptibility and Molecular Diversity of Bacillus anthracis Strains in Chad: Detection of a New Phylogenetic Subgroup

Maho, Angaya, Rossano, Alexandra, Hächler, Herbert, Holzer, Anita, Schelling, Esther, Zinsstag, Jakob, ...

We genotyped 15 Bacillus anthracis isolates from Chad, Africa, using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis and three additional direct-repeat markers. We identified two unique...

Strain-Specific Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Assays for the Bacillus anthracis Ames Strain† ▿

Van Ert, Matthew N., Easterday, W. Ryan, Simonson, Tatum S., U'Ren, Jana M., Pearson, Talima, Kenefic, Leo J., ...

Highly precise diagnostics and forensic assays can be developed through a combination of evolutionary analysis and the exhaustive examination of genomic sequences. In Bacillus anthracis, whole-genome...

Global Genetic Population Structure of Bacillus anthracis

Van Ert, Matthew N., Easterday, W. Ryan, Huynh, Lynn Y., Okinaka, Richard T., Hugh-Jones, Martin E., Ravel, Jacques, ...

Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is a disease of historical and current importance that is found throughout the world. The basis of its historical transmission is anecdotal and...

The Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis Al Hakam▿

Challacombe, Jean F., Altherr, Michael R., Xie, Gary, Bhotika, Smriti S., Brown, Nancy, Bruce, David, ...

Bacillus thuringiensis is an insect pathogen that is widely used as a biopesticide (E. Schnepf, N. Crickmore, J. Van Rie, D. Lereclus, J. Baum, J. Feitelson, D. R. Zeigler, and D. H. Dean, Microbiol....

Role of Law Enforcement Response and Microbial Forensics in Investigation of Bioterrorism

Budowle, Bruce, Beaudry, Jodi A., Barnaby, Neel G., Giusti, Alan M., Bannan, Jason D., Keim, Paul

The risk and threat of bioterrorism and biocrime have become a large concern and challenge for governments and society to enhance biosecurity. Law enforcement plays an important role in assessing and...

Fine-Scale Genetic Diversity among Burkholderia pseudomallei Soil Isolates in Northeast Thailand▿

U'Ren, Jana M., Hornstra, Heidie, Pearson, Talima, Schupp, James M., Leadem, Benjamin, Georgia, Shalamar, ...

Burkholderia pseudomallei soil isolates from northeast Thailand were genotyped using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). MLVA...

A Horizontal Gene Transfer Event Defines Two Distinct Groups within Burkholderia pseudomallei That Have Dissimilar Geographic Distributions▿ †

Tuanyok, Apichai, Auerbach, Raymond K., Brettin, Thomas S., Bruce, David C., Munk, A. Christine, Detter, J. Chris, ...

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiologic agent of melioidosis. Many disease manifestations are associated with melioidosis, and the mechanisms causing this variation are unknown; genomic...

Real-Time PCR Assays of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Defining the Major Brucella Clades▿

Foster, Jeffrey T., Okinaka, Richard T., Svensson, Rita, Shaw, Kathryn, De, Barun K., Robison, Richard A., ...

Members of the genus Brucella are known worldwide as pathogens of wildlife and livestock and are the most common organisms of zoonotic infection in humans. In general, brucellae exhibit a range of...

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Typing of Bacillus anthracis from Sverdlovsk Tissue

Okinaka, Richard T., Henrie, Melinda, Hill, Karen K., Lowery, KristinS., Van Ert, Matthew, Pearson, Talima, ...

A small number of conserved canonical single nucleotide polymorphisms (canSNP) that define major phylogenetic branches for Bacillus anthracis were used to place a Sverdlovsk patient’s B. anthracis...

Pre-Columbian Origins for North American Anthrax

Kenefic, Leo J., Pearson, Talima, Okinaka, Richard T., Schupp, James M., Wagner, David M., Ravel, Jacques, ...

Disease introduction into the New World during colonial expansion is well documented and had a major impact on indigenous populations; however, few diseases have been associated with early human...

Identification of Melioidosis Outbreak by Multilocus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis

Currie, Bart J., Haslem, Asha, Pearson, Talima, Hornstra, Heidie, Leadem, Benjamin, Mayo, Mark, ...

One-sentence summary for table of contents: This analysis can identify a clonal outbreak of this disease within 8 hours of receipt of bacterial isolates.

Comparative Genomic Characterization of Francisella tularensis Strains Belonging to Low and High Virulence Subspecies

Champion, Mia D., Zeng, Qiandong, Nix, Eli B., Nano, Francis E., Keim, Paul, Kodira, Chinnappa D., ...

Tularemia is a geographically widespread, severely debilitating, and occasionally lethal disease in humans. It is caused by infection by a gram-negative bacterium, Francisella tularensis. In order to...

Molecular Evolutionary Consequences of Niche Restriction in Francisella tularensis, a Facultative Intracellular Pathogen

Larsson, Pär, Elfsmark, Daniel, Svensson, Kerstin, Wikström, Per, Forsman, Mats, Brettin, Thomas, ...

Francisella tularensis is a potent mammalian pathogen well adapted to intracellular habitats, whereas F. novicida and F. philomiragia are less virulent in mammals and appear to have less specialized...

Molecular Basis of Rare Aminoglycoside Susceptibility and Pathogenesis of Burkholderia pseudomallei Clinical Isolates from Thailand

Trunck, Lily A., Propst, Katie L., Wuthiekanun, Vanaporn, Tuanyok, Apichai, Beckstrom-Sternberg, Stephen M., Beckstrom-Sternberg, James S., ...

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiologic agent of melioidosis, an emerging tropical disease. Because of low infectious dose, broad-host-range infectivity, intrinsic antibiotic resistance and...

Phylogeography of Francisella tularensis: Global Expansion of a Highly Fit Clone▿ †

Vogler, Amy J., Birdsell, Dawn, Price, Lance B., Bowers, Jolene R., Beckstrom-Sternberg, Stephen M., Auerbach, Raymond K., ...

Francisella tularensis contains several highly pathogenic subspecies, including Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica, whose distribution is circumpolar in the northern hemisphere. The...

Whole-Genome-Based Phylogeny and Divergence of the Genus Brucella▿ †

Foster, Jeffrey T., Beckstrom-Sternberg, Stephen M., Pearson, Talima, Beckstrom-Sternberg, James S., Chain, Patrick S. G., Roberto, Francisco F., ...

Brucellae are worldwide bacterial pathogens of livestock and wildlife, but phylogenetic reconstructions have been challenging due to limited genetic diversity. We assessed the taxonomic and...