Error-free milestones in error prone measurements (2009)
Small, Dylan S., Rosenbaum, Paul R.
A predictor variable or dose that is measured with substantial error may possess an error-free milestone, such that it is known with negligible error whether the value of the variable is to the left...
R-Estimates vs. GMM: A Theoretical Case Study of Validity and Efficiency (2007)
Small, Dylan S., Gastwirth, Joseph L., Krieger, Abba M., Rosenbaum, Paul R.
What role should assumptions play in inference? We present a small theoretical case study of a simple, clean case, namely the nonparametric comparison of two continuous distributions using...
Comment: The Place of Death in the Quality of Life (2006)
Comment on The Place of Death in the Quality of Life [math.ST/0612783]
R-Estimates vs. GMM: A Theoretical Case Study of Validity and Efficiency (2006)
Small, Dylan S., Gastwirth, Joseph L., Krieger, Abba M., Rosenbaum, Paul R.
What role should assumptions play in inference? We present a small theoretical case study of a simple, clean case, namely the nonparametric comparison of two continuous distributions using...
Differential effects and generic biases in observational studies (2006)
There are two treatments, each of which may be applied or withheld, yielding a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with three degrees of freedom between groups. The differential effect of the two treatments...
Does a dose-response relationship reduce sensitivity to hidden bias? (2003)
It is often said that an important consideration in judging whether an association between treatment and response is causal is the presence or absence of a dose–response relationship, that is,...
Covariance Adjustment in Randomized Experiments and Observational Studies (2002)
By slightly reframing the concept of covariance adjustment in randomized experiments, a method of exact permutation inference is derived that is entirely free of distributional assumptions and uses...
Difficulties with Regression Analysis of Age-Adjusted Rates. (2002)
Rosenbaum,Paul R., Rubin,Donald B.
A common type of observational study compares population rates in several regions having differing policies in an effort to assess the effects of those policies. In many studies, particularly in...
Sensitivity of Bayes Inference with Ignorable but Data-Dependent Stopping Rules. (2002)
Rosenbaum,Paul R., Rubin,Donald B.
It is sometimes argued that Bayesian inference is unaffected by data dependent stopping rules. Although this is formally true for ignorable rules, there is likely to be heightened sensitivity of...
Balanced Subclassification in Observational Studies Using the Propensity Score: A Case Study. (2002)
Rosenbaum,Paul R., Rubin,Donald B.
The propensity score is the conditional probability of assignment to a particular treatment given a vector of observed covariates. Previous theeoretical arguments have shown that subclassification on...
Matching and thick description in an observational study of mortality after surgery (2001)
Rosenbaum, Paul R., Silber, Jeffrey H.
Multivariate matching permits the construction of matched pairs or matched sets that balance large numbers of observed covariates. Unlike model‐based adjustments, in matching a patient remains...
In randomisation and permutation inference, pivotal arguments remove the hypothesised treatment effect, thereby basing inferences on the null distribution in which the treatment has no effect. This...
Choice as an Alternative to Control in Observational Studies (1999)
In a randomized experiment, the investigator creates a clear and relatively unambiguous comparison of treatment groups by exerting tight control over the assignment of treatments to experimental...
Invited Commentary: Propensity Scores (1999)
Joffe, Marshall M., Rosenbaum, Paul R.
The propensity score is the conditional probability of exposure to a treatment given observed covariates. In a cohort study, matching or stratifying treated and control subjects on a single variable,...
Rosenbaum,Paul R., Rubin,Donald B.
The results of nonrandomized clinical experiments are often disputed because patients at greater risk may be overrepresented in some treatment groups. This paper proposes a simple technique providing...
The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects. (1998)
Rosenbaum,Paul R., Rubin,Donald B.
The results of observational studies are often disputed because of nonrandom treatment assignment. For example, patients at greater risk may be overrepresented in some treatment group. This paper...
Dual and simultaneous sensitivity analysis for matched pairs (1998)
GASTWIRTH, JOSEPH L., KRIEGER, ABBA M., ROSENBAUM, PAUL R.
When a study shows an association between a treatment and a response, before concluding that there is a causal relationship it is useful to assess whether or not an unobserved variable, U, might...
SILBER, JEFFREY H., ROSENBAUM, PAUL R., WILLIAMS, SANKEY V., ROSS, RICHARD N., SCHWARTZ, J. SANFORD
Objective: Institutional complication rates are often used to assess hospital quality of care, particularly for conditions and procedures where mortality rates are not useful because deaths are rare....
Detecting bias with confidence in observational studies (1992)
In an observational study, detecting hidden bias involves checking that treatment effects appear where they should, and not elsewhere. For instance, treated and control groups are often compared...
Sensitivity analysis for matching with multiple controls (1988)
In observational studies, treated and control subjects may difler in ways that have not been observed, so that reference distributions for statistics that would be appropriate in randomized...
Sensitivity analysis for certain permutation inferences in matched observational studies (1987)
In observational studies, treatments are not randomly assigned to experimental units, so that randomization tests and their associated interval estimates are not generally applicable. In an effort to...
The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects (1983)
ROSENBAUM, PAUL R., RUBIN, DONALD B.
The propensity score is the conditional probability of assignment to a particular treatment given a vector of observed covariates. Both large and small sample theory show that adjustment for the...
Length of Stay, Conditional Length of Stay, and Prolonged Stay in Pediatric Asthma
Silber, Jeffrey H, Rosenbaum, Paul R, Even-Shoshan, Orit, Shabbout, Mayadah, Zhang, Xuemei, Bradlow, Eric T, ...
Preoperative Antibiotics and Mortality in the Elderly
Silber, Jeffrey H., Rosenbaum, Paul R., Trudeau, Martha E., Chen, Wei, Zhang, Xuemei, Lorch, Scott A., ...
Using Pennsylvania Medicare claims and chart review, 681 randomly selected patients who died after surgery were matched to 681 control patients with similar preoperative risk. The odds of dying were...
Preoperative Antibiotics and Mortality in the Elderly
Silber, Jeffrey H., Rosenbaum, Paul R., Trudeau, Martha E., Chen, Wei, Zhang, Xuemei, Lorch, Scott A., ...
Using Pennsylvania Medicare claims and chart review, 681 randomly selected patients who died after surgery were matched to 681 control patients with similar preoperative risk. The odds of dying were...
Length of Stay, Conditional Length of Stay, and Prolonged Stay in Pediatric Asthma
Silber, Jeffrey H, Rosenbaum, Paul R, Even-Shoshan, Orit, Shabbout, Mayadah, Zhang, Xuemei, Bradlow, Eric T, ...
An exact distribution-free test comparing two multivariate distributions based on adjacency
A new test is proposed comparing two multivariate distributions by using distances between observations. Unlike earlier tests using interpoint distances, the new test statistic has a known exact...
Robust, accurate confidence intervals with a weak instrument: quarter of birth and education
Guido W. Imbens, Paul R. Rosenbaum
An instrument or instrumental variable manipulates a treatment and affects the outcome only indirectly through its manipulation of the treatment. For instance, encouragement to exercise might...
Design sensitivity in observational studies
Outside the field of statistics, the literature on observational studies offers advice about research designs or strategies for judging whether or not an association is causal, such as multiple...
Differential effects and generic biases in observational studies
There are two treatments, each of which may be applied or withheld, yielding a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with three degrees of freedom between groups. The differential effect of the two treatments...
In certain circumstances, one wishes to test one hypothesis only if certain other hypotheses have been rejected. This ordering of hypotheses simplifies the task of controlling the probability of...