dc readout experiment at the Caltech 40m prototype interferometer (2008)
Ward, R. L., Adhikari, R., Abbott, B., Abbott, R., Barron, D., Bork, R., ...
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) operates a 40m prototype interferometer on the Caltech campus. The primary mission of the prototype is to serve as an experimental...
Sato, S., Kokeyama, K., Kawamura, S., Ward, R. L., Nishizawa, A., Chen, Y., ...
We have demonstrated displacement- and frequency-noise-free laser interferometry (DFI) by partially implementing a recently proposed optical configuration using bi-directional Mach–Zehnder...
dc readout experiment at the Caltech 40m prototype interferometer (2008)
Ward, R. L., Adhikari, R., Abbott, B., Abbott, R., Barron, D., Bork, Rolf, ...
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) operates a 40m prototype interferometer on the Caltech campus. The primary mission of the prototype is to serve as an experimental...
Sato, S., Kokeyama, K., Kawamura, S., Ward, R. L., Nishizawa, A., Chen, Yanbei, ...
We have demonstrated displacement- and frequency-noise-free laser interferometry (DFI) by partially implementing a recently proposed optical configuration using bi-directional Mach–Zehnder...
Interferometers for displacement-noise-free gravitational-wave detection (2006)
Chen, Y. B., Pai, A. C., Somiya, K., Kawamura, S., Sato, S., Kokeyama, K., ...
We propose a class of displacement- and laser-noise-free gravitational-wave-interferometer configurations, which does not sense nongeodesic mirror motion and laser noise, but provides a nonvanishing...
Wideband Waveguide Acousto-Optic Bragg Cell. (1998)
Davis, R. L., Hickernell, F. S., Richard, F. V., Ward, R. L.
The results of an effort to improve the performance specifications of acousto-optic Bragg cells are reported. Various configurations of multiple tilted SAW transducers, including phased arrays, have...
This research was supported by the United States Air Force, through the Office of Scientific Research of the Air Research and Development Command, and by the joint program of the U. S. Office of...
Stresses in the web of an I-beam. (1925)
Ward, R. L., Johnson, C. G. R.
C.E. (Engineering) - Northwestern University, 1925.
Inactivation of poliovirus in digested sludge.
The effect of anaerobically digested sludge on poliovirus during incubation at temperatures between 28 and 4 C was studied. Although virus was fully recoverable from sludge, its infectivity decreased...
Heat inactivation of poliovirus in wastewater sludge.
Ward, R L, Ashley, C S, Moseley, R H
The effect of raw and anaerobically digested sludge on heat inactivation of poliovirus was investigated. Raw sludge was found to be very protective of poliovirus plaque-forming ability at all...
Identification of the virucidal agent in wastewater sludge.
Anaerobically digested sludge contains an agent that causes irreversible inactivation of poliovirus. It has now been shown that the agent responsible for this activity is ammonia. The effect of...
In vitro activities of bismuth salts against rotaviruses and other enteric viruses.
Ward, R L, Sander, D S, Knowlton, D R
Bismuth salts inhibited plaque formation of all enteric viruses tested, which included four strains of rotavirus and one strain each of echovirus, reovirus, and poliovirus. The compounds had no...
Ward, R L, Mason, B B, Bernstein, D I, Sander, D S, Smith, V E, Zandle, G A, ...
The NSP4 protein of a simian rotavirus was reported to induce diarrhea following inoculation of mice. If NSP4 is responsible for rotavirus diarrhea in humans, attenuation of a human rotavirus may be...
McNeal, M M, Rae, M N, Ward, R L
The effector functions responsible for resolution of shedding in mice orally inoculated with the murine rotavirus strain EDIM were identified in B-cell-deficient and normal BALB/c mice after...
Mechanism of inactivation of enteric viruses in fresh water.
Ward, R L, Knowlton, D R, Winston, P E
Fresh water obtained from nine sources was shown to cause inactivation of poliovirus. Further testing with four of these water samples showed that enteric viruses from different genera were...
Characterization of virucidal agents in activated sludge.
A comprehensive study was carried out to determine the properties of agents responsible for loss of virus infectivity in mixed-liquor suspended solids (MLSS) of activated sludge. Initial experiments...
Ward, R L, Kapikian, A Z, Goldberg, K M, Knowlton, D R, Watson, M W, Rappaport, R
Comparisons in rotavirus neutralizing-antibody responses were made with sera collected from vaccinated infants. The methods were a plaque reduction assay and a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent...
Ward, R L, McNeal, M M, Sander, D S, Greenberg, H B, Bernstein, D I
Natural infection by very similar strains of rotavirus during the 1988-1989 rotavirus season in Cincinnati, Ohio, provided complete protection of young children against subsequent rotavirus illnesses...
Broome, R L, Vo, P T, Ward, R L, Clark, H F, Greenberg, H B
Simian rotavirus (RRV) and murine rotavirus (EDIM-RW) differ dramatically in the oral inoculum required to cause diarrheal disease in neonatal mouse pups and in their ability to spread and cause...
Development of methods to measure virus inactivation in fresh waters.
This study concerns the identification and correction of deficiencies in methods used to measure inactivation rates of enteric viruses seeded into environmental waters. It was found that viable...
Stetler, R E, Ward, R L, Waltrip, S C
A drinking-water treatment plant with high concentrations of trihalomethanes in its finished water and large numbers of viruses in its source water was located. This plant was used to study the...
Ward, R L, Nakagomi, O, Knowlton, D R, McNeal, M M, Nakagomi, T, Huda, N, ...
A previous study showed that intergenogroup reassortants of human rotaviruses can persist in nature (R.L. Ward, O. Nakagomi, D.R. Knowlton, M.M. McNeal, T. Nakagomi, J.D. Clemens, D.A. Sack, and G.M....
Cultures of 17 established cell lines were tested against 105 enteric virus types for capacity to support viral replication as indicated by cytopathogenic effect production. Enhancement of...
Inactivation of enteric viruses in wastewater sludge through dewatering by evaporation.
The effect of dewatering on the inactivation rates of enteric viruses in sludge was determined. For this study, water was evaporated from seeded raw sludge at 21 degrees C, and the loss of viral...
Discovery of an agent in wastewater sludge that reduces the heat required to inactivate reovirus.
An agent that causes heat inactivation of reovirus to occur at reduced temperatures has been found in both raw and anaerobically digested sludge. This agent is originally associated with sludge...
Jeffries, T W, Timourian, H, Ward, R L
Anabaena cylindrica sparged with argon gas produced H2 continuously for 30 days under limited light conditions (6.0 W/m2) and for 18 days under elevated light conditions (32 W/m2) in the absence of...
Comparative effects of ammonia and related compounds on poliovirus.
The abilities of ammonia and related compounds to inactivate poliovirus were compared. Compounds virucidal at pH 9.5 had the following order of activities: ethylamine greater than propylamine,...
The agent in wastewater sludge previously shown to reduce the heat required to inactivate reovirus (R. L. Ward and C. S. Ashley, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34:681--688, 1977) was "separated" from...
Heat inactivation of enteric viruses in dewatered wastewater sludge.
The effect of moisture content on the rates of heat inactivation of enteric viruses in wastewater sludge was determined. The protective effect of raw sludge on poliovirus previously observed (R. L....
pH modification of the effects of detergents on the stability of enteric viruses.
The effect of detergents on the stability of enteric viruses was found to be highly dependent on pH. This was demonstrated primarily with two ionic detergents, sodium dodecyl sulfate (an anionic...
Mode of initiation of cell infection with sludge-associated poliovirus.
Association with sludge solids did not allow poliovirus to enter cells other than through the normal receptor-mediated route. This implies that the infectivities of sludge-encapsulated virions are...
Effects of moisture content on long-term survival and regrowth of bacteria in wastewater sludge.
The effects of moisture content on the survival and regrowth of seeded and indigenous enteric bacteria in raw sludge were determined. Cultures of six strains of fecally associated bacteria grown in...
Ward, R L, Yeager, J G, Ashley, C S
Two studies were carried out to determine the influence of moisture content of the survival of bacteria in raw wastewater sludge. The first study involved the effect of water loss by evaporation on...
Uptake of bacteriophage f2 through plant roots.
A model system was designed to measure viral uptake through the roots of plants and translocation to distal plant parts. For this study, uptake of bacteriophage f2 was measured in corn and bean...
Evidence that microorganisms cause inactivation of viruses in activated sludge.
Virus loss in activated sludge appeared to be caused by microorganisms. This conclusion is supported by the finding that poliovirus infectivity decreased during incubation in mixed-liquor suspended...
Comparison of methods for recovering indigenous viruses from raw wastewater sludge.
Five general methods for recovering indigenous viruses from raw wastewater sludge were compared. Each method included elution, concentration, and disinfection steps. The elution method, found to...
Neutralization epitopes on rotavirus SA11 4fM outer capsid proteins.
Gorziglia, M, Larralde, G, Ward, R L
The VP7 and VP4 genes of seven antigenic mutants of simian rotavirus SA11 4fM (serotype 3) selected after 39 passages in the presence of SA11 4fM hyperimmune antiserum, were sequenced. Nucleotide...
Development of an adult mouse model for studies on protection against rotavirus.
Ward, R L, McNeal, M M, Sheridan, J F
Although mice have been used as an animal model for studies on rotavirus disease, these studies have been limited by the short time period after birth during which mice are susceptible to rotavirus...
Ward, R L, Knowlton, D R, Greenberg, H B, Schiff, G M, Bernstein, D I
Serum specimens from infants 2 to 12 months old vaccinated with the WC3 bovine rotavirus were analyzed to determine the relative concentrations of neutralizing antibody to the VP4 and VP7 proteins of...
Evidence for natural reassortants of human rotaviruses belonging to different genogroups.
Ward, R L, Nakagomi, O, Knowlton, D R, McNeal, M M, Nakagomi, T, Clemens, J D, ...
Of 335 rotavirus isolates associated with diarrheal disease in Bangladesh that were culture adapted and subsequently characterized for electropherotype, subgroup, and serotype, 9 had properties that...
Ward, R L, Knowlton, D R, Schiff, G M, Hoshino, Y, Greenberg, H B
Two outer capsid rotavirus proteins, VP3 and VP7, have been found to elicit neutralizing-antibody production, but the immunogenicity of these proteins during human rotavirus infection has not been...
Phenotypic mixing during coinfection of cells with two strains of human rotavirus.
Ward, R L, Knowlton, D R, Greenberg, H B
Coinfection of MA-104 cells with serotype 1 (Wa strain) and serotype 3 (P strain) human rotaviruses resulted in progeny viruses that were phenotypically mixed in their major outer-shell...
Dunn, S J, Greenberg, H B, Ward, R L, Nakagomi, O, Burns, J W, Vo, P T, ...
Human rotaviruses were isolated from asymptomatic neonates at various hospitals and clinics in the city of Bangalore, India, and were found to be subgroup I specific and possess long RNA patterns (M....
Reactivities of serotyping monoclonal antibodies with culture-adapted human rotaviruses.
Ward, R L, McNeal, M M, Clemens, J D, Sack, D A, Rao, M, Huda, N, ...
Rotaviruses collected in Bangladesh during 1985 to 1986 were culture adapted and used in a comparative serotyping study with three groups of monoclonal antibodies, all of which reacted with the major...
Ward, R L, Clemens, J D, Sack, D A, Knowlton, D R, McNeal, M M, Huda, N, ...
Group A rotaviruses collected between 1985 and 1986 during comprehensive surveillance of treated diarrheal episodes occurring in a rural Bangladesh population were culture adapted and characterized...
Prevention of surface-to-human transmission of rotaviruses by treatment with disinfectant spray.
Ward, R L, Bernstein, D I, Knowlton, D R, Sherwood, J R, Young, E C, Cusack, T M, ...
A model was developed to examine the effects of disinfectants on the transmission of infectious rotavirus from a dried surface to humans. The initial experiments were designed to find a method of...
Efficiency of human rotavirus propagation in cell culture.
Ward, R L, Knowlton, D R, Pierce, M J
This study was designed to find methods to reproducibly propagate human rotaviruses from fecal specimens and to determine the relationship between particle numbers and infectivity. Growth of virus...
Methods for inactivating bacterial viruses in serum were developed through the use of heat and ionizing radiation, and the effects of these treatments on the growth rates of cultured cells were...
This report describes a comparative study on the effects of the anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate and the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetate on purified rotavirus SA-11 particles....
Effects of wastewater sludge and its detergents on the stability of rotavirus.
Wastewater sludge reduced the heat required to inactivate rotavirus SA-11, and ionic detergents were identified as the sludge components responsible for this effect. A similar result was found...
Non-covalent DNA groove-binding by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine.
Marsch, G A, Ward, R L, Colvin, M, Turteltaub, K W
The cooked meat mutagen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is metabolized in vivo to electrophilic intermediates that covalently bind to DNA guanines. Here we address the...
Mechanism of poliovirus inactivation by ammonia.
Poliovirus inactivation by ammonia causes a slight reduction in the sedimentation coefficients of viral particles, but has no detectable effect on either the electrophoretic pattern of viral capsid...
The relationship between viral DNA and protein synthesis during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication in HeLa cells was examined. Treatment of infected cells with cytosine arabinoside...
Possible variations in the functional lifetimes of herpes simplex virus type 1 mRNA molecules in infected HeLa cells were studied. As shown by the rate of decrease of radioactive amino acid...
A rapid PCR ELISA for the detection of activated K-ras in colorectal cancer
Ward, R L, Santiago, F, Hawkins, N J, Coomber, D, O'Connor, T, Todd, A V
Aims—To develop a rapid PCR ELISA procedure for the detection of mutations in K-ras in a microtitre plate format, and to evaluate the assay for the detection of these mutations in human colorectal...
Defining T-Cell-Mediated Immune Responses in Rotavirus-Infected Juvenile Rhesus Macaques
Sestak, K., McNeal, M. M., Choi, A., Cole, M. J., Ramesh, G., Alvarez, X., ...
The appearance of virus-specific CD4+ and/or CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of captive juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was observed following rotavirus infection. These...
Immunoblastic lymphadenopathy: evolution into immunoblastic sarcoma.
Banik, S, Ward, R L, Hasleton, P S
A case of immunoblastic lymphadenopathy which underwent transformation into immunoblastic sarcoma is reported. A 64-year-old man presented with a rash, generalised lymphadenopathy, and...
Acute Intermittent Porphyria: Response of Tachycardia and Hypertension to Propranolol
Beattie, A. D., Moore, M. R., Goldberg, A., Ward, R. L.
In four young adult patients with acute attacks of acute intermittent porphyria tachycardia and hypertension were prominent features of the illness. Urinary catecholamine excretion was increased in...
Inactivation of poliovirus in digested sludge.
The effect of anaerobically digested sludge on poliovirus during incubation at temperatures between 28 and 4 C was studied. Although virus was fully recoverable from sludge, its infectivity decreased...
Heat inactivation of poliovirus in wastewater sludge.
Ward, R L, Ashley, C S, Moseley, R H
The effect of raw and anaerobically digested sludge on heat inactivation of poliovirus was investigated. Raw sludge was found to be very protective of poliovirus plaque-forming ability at all...
Identification of the virucidal agent in wastewater sludge.
Anaerobically digested sludge contains an agent that causes irreversible inactivation of poliovirus. It has now been shown that the agent responsible for this activity is ammonia. The effect of...
In vitro activities of bismuth salts against rotaviruses and other enteric viruses.
Ward, R L, Sander, D S, Knowlton, D R
Bismuth salts inhibited plaque formation of all enteric viruses tested, which included four strains of rotavirus and one strain each of echovirus, reovirus, and poliovirus. The compounds had no...
Ward, R L, Mason, B B, Bernstein, D I, Sander, D S, Smith, V E, Zandle, G A, ...
The NSP4 protein of a simian rotavirus was reported to induce diarrhea following inoculation of mice. If NSP4 is responsible for rotavirus diarrhea in humans, attenuation of a human rotavirus may be...
McNeal, M M, Rae, M N, Ward, R L
The effector functions responsible for resolution of shedding in mice orally inoculated with the murine rotavirus strain EDIM were identified in B-cell-deficient and normal BALB/c mice after...
Mechanism of inactivation of enteric viruses in fresh water.
Ward, R L, Knowlton, D R, Winston, P E
Fresh water obtained from nine sources was shown to cause inactivation of poliovirus. Further testing with four of these water samples showed that enteric viruses from different genera were...
Characterization of virucidal agents in activated sludge.
A comprehensive study was carried out to determine the properties of agents responsible for loss of virus infectivity in mixed-liquor suspended solids (MLSS) of activated sludge. Initial experiments...
Ward, R L, Kapikian, A Z, Goldberg, K M, Knowlton, D R, Watson, M W, Rappaport, R
Comparisons in rotavirus neutralizing-antibody responses were made with sera collected from vaccinated infants. The methods were a plaque reduction assay and a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent...
Ward, R L, McNeal, M M, Sander, D S, Greenberg, H B, Bernstein, D I
Natural infection by very similar strains of rotavirus during the 1988-1989 rotavirus season in Cincinnati, Ohio, provided complete protection of young children against subsequent rotavirus illnesses...
Broome, R L, Vo, P T, Ward, R L, Clark, H F, Greenberg, H B
Simian rotavirus (RRV) and murine rotavirus (EDIM-RW) differ dramatically in the oral inoculum required to cause diarrheal disease in neonatal mouse pups and in their ability to spread and cause...
Development of methods to measure virus inactivation in fresh waters.
This study concerns the identification and correction of deficiencies in methods used to measure inactivation rates of enteric viruses seeded into environmental waters. It was found that viable...
Stetler, R E, Ward, R L, Waltrip, S C
A drinking-water treatment plant with high concentrations of trihalomethanes in its finished water and large numbers of viruses in its source water was located. This plant was used to study the...
Ward, R L, Nakagomi, O, Knowlton, D R, McNeal, M M, Nakagomi, T, Huda, N, ...
A previous study showed that intergenogroup reassortants of human rotaviruses can persist in nature (R.L. Ward, O. Nakagomi, D.R. Knowlton, M.M. McNeal, T. Nakagomi, J.D. Clemens, D.A. Sack, and G.M....
Cultures of 17 established cell lines were tested against 105 enteric virus types for capacity to support viral replication as indicated by cytopathogenic effect production. Enhancement of...
Inactivation of enteric viruses in wastewater sludge through dewatering by evaporation.
The effect of dewatering on the inactivation rates of enteric viruses in sludge was determined. For this study, water was evaporated from seeded raw sludge at 21 degrees C, and the loss of viral...