Receptor palmitoylation and ubiquitination regulate anthrax toxin endocytosis (2006)
Abrami, L., Leppla, S. H., Van Der Goot, F. G.
The anthrax toxin is composed of three independent polypeptide chains. Successful intoxication only occurs when heptamerization of the receptor-binding polypeptide, the protective antigen (PA),...
Turnbull, P. C., Leppla, S. H., Broster, M. G., Quinn, C. P., Melling, J.
A forerunning study on the relationship between antibodies to the protective antigen (PA) and lethal factor (LF) components of anthrax toxin and protective immunity has been expanded and extended to...
The pore-forming toxin proaerolysin is activated by furin (1998)
Abrami, L., Fivaz, M., Decroly, E., Seidah, N. G., Jean, F., Thomas, G., ...
Aerolysin is secreted as an inactive dimeric precursor by the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Proteolytic cleavage within a mobile loop near the C terminus of the protoxin is required for...
Duesbery, N. S., Resau, J., Webb, C. P., Koochekpour, S., Leppla, S. H., ...
Lethal factor is a protease, one component of Bacillus anthracis exotoxin, which cleaves many of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MEKs). Given the importance of MEK signaling in...
Klimpel, K R, Molloy, S S, Thomas, G, Leppla, S H
Proteolytic cleavage of the protective antigen (PA) protein of anthrax toxin at residues 164-167 is necessary for toxic activity. Cleavage by a cellular protease at this sequence, Arg-Lys-Lys-Arg,...
Gordon, V M, Klimpel, K R, Arora, N, Henderson, M A, Leppla, S H
Before intoxication can occur, anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA), Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE), and diphtheria toxin (DT) must be activated by proteolytic cleavage at specific amino acid...
Gu, M, Gordon, V M, Fitzgerald, D J, Leppla, S H
Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) binds and enters mammalian cells via the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). The toxin then requires proteolytic...
A role for PACE4 in the proteolytic activation of anthrax toxin protective antigen.
Gordon, V M, Rehemtulla, A, Leppla, S H
Several bacterial protein toxins require activation by eukaryotic proteases. Previous studies have shown that anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA), Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE), and diphtheria toxin...
Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin is proteolytically activated by furin.
Gordon, V M, Benz, R, Fujii, K, Leppla, S H, Tweten, R K
Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin is secreted as an inactive 46,450-Da protoxin. The protoxin is activated by proteolytic cleavage near the C terminus, which eventually causes the release of a...
Uchida, I, Hornung, J M, Thorne, C B, Klimpel, K R, Leppla, S H
The 184-kb Bacillus anthracis plasmid pXO1, which is required for virulence, contains three genes encoding the protein components of anthrax toxin, cya (edema factor gene), lef (lethal factor gene),...
Pomerantsev, A. P., Kalnin, K. V., Osorio, M., Leppla, S. H.
Bacillus anthracis is nonhemolytic, even though it is closely related to the highly hemolytic Bacillus cereus. Hemolysis by B. cereus results largely from the action of phosphatidylcholine-specific...
Little, S F, Leppla, S H, Friedlander, A M
The lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis consists of two components, protective antigen and lethal factor. Protective antigen is cleaved after binding to cell receptors, yielding a receptor-bound...
Little, S F, Leppla, S H, Cora, E
Thirty-six monoclonal antibodies to the protective antigen protein of Bacillus anthracis exotoxin have been characterized for affinity, antibody subtype, competitive binding to antigenic regions, and...
Gordon, V M, Leppla, S H, Hewlett, E L
Bordetella pertussis and Bacillus anthracis produce extracytoplasmic adenylate cyclase toxins (AC toxins) with shared features including activation by calmodulin and the ability to enter target cells...
Immunization studies with attenuated strains of Bacillus anthracis.
Ivins, B E, Ezzell, J W, Jemski, J, Hedlund, K W, Ristroph, J D, Leppla, S H
Live, attenuated strains of Bacillus anthracis lacking either the capsule plasmid pXO2, the toxin plasmid pXO1, or both were tested for their efficacy as vaccines against intravenous challenge with...
Ezzell, J W, Ivins, B E, Leppla, S H
The kinetics of Bacillus anthracis toxin production in culture and its lethal activity in rats, mice, and guinea pigs were investigated. Lethal toxin activity was produced in vitro throughout...
Characterization of macrophage sensitivity and resistance to anthrax lethal toxin.
Friedlander, A M, Bhatnagar, R, Leppla, S H, Johnson, L, Singh, Y
Anthrax lethal toxin, which consists of two proteins, protective antigen and lethal factor, is cytolytic for macrophages. Macrophages from different mouse strains were found to vary in their...
To investigate the ability of anthrax toxin lethal factor (LF) to translocate foreign proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells and to characterize the structural requirements of this process,...
Transcriptional regulation of the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis.
Bicarbonate is required for production of the major virulence factors, the toxins and capsule, of Bacillus anthracis. In this study we examined the basis for stimulation of production of protective...
Bhatnagar, R, Singh, Y, Leppla, S H, Friedlander, A M
Anthrax lethal toxin, which consists of two separate proteins, protective antigen (Mr, 82,700) and lethal factor (Mr, approximately 83,000), is cytotoxic to the macrophagelike cell line J774A.1....
Anthrax toxin is composed of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). These proteins individually cause no known physiological effects in animals but in...
Pavlovskis, O R, Edman, D C, Leppla, S H, Wretlind, B, Lewis, L R, Martin, K E
The immunoprophylactic effect of chemically inactivated Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A in experimental pseudomonas infections was studied. Exotoxin A toxoids were prepared by Formalin (f-TXD) or...
Lewandowski, Leon J., Leppla, S. H.
The 3′ terminal nucleosides of the isolated components of double-stranded ribonucleic acids of reovirus, wound tumor virus, and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus were determined by labeling with...
Characterization of the Subunit Structure of the Ribonucleic Acid Genome of Influenza Virus
Lewandowski, L. J., Content, J., Leppla, S. H.
Ribonucleic acid extracted from influenza virus was labeled at the 3′ termini with 3H and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Influenza virus was found to contain a minimum of seven and...
Evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A in experimental rat burn wound sepsis.
Walker, H L, McLeod, C G, Leppla, S H, Mason, A D
The search for methods to achieve control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection continues with the introduction of aluminum-absorbed toxoid developed from P. aeruginosa exotoxin. This toxoid induces...
Large-scale purification and characterization of the exotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The exotoxin (PE) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was purified from 50-liter cultures by a simple three-step procedure, yielding 135 mg of essentially homogeneous protein. In Ouchterlony gel diffusion, PE...
Duesbery, N. S., Resau, J., Webb, C. P., Koochekpour, S., Leppla, S. H., ...
Lethal factor is a protease, one component of Bacillus anthracis exotoxin, which cleaves many of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MEKs). Given the importance of MEK signaling in...
Klimpel, K R, Molloy, S S, Thomas, G, Leppla, S H
Proteolytic cleavage of the protective antigen (PA) protein of anthrax toxin at residues 164-167 is necessary for toxic activity. Cleavage by a cellular protease at this sequence, Arg-Lys-Lys-Arg,...
Gordon, V M, Klimpel, K R, Arora, N, Henderson, M A, Leppla, S H
Before intoxication can occur, anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA), Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE), and diphtheria toxin (DT) must be activated by proteolytic cleavage at specific amino acid...
Gu, M, Gordon, V M, Fitzgerald, D J, Leppla, S H
Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) binds and enters mammalian cells via the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). The toxin then requires proteolytic...
A role for PACE4 in the proteolytic activation of anthrax toxin protective antigen.
Gordon, V M, Rehemtulla, A, Leppla, S H
Several bacterial protein toxins require activation by eukaryotic proteases. Previous studies have shown that anthrax toxin protective antigen (PA), Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE), and diphtheria toxin...
Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin is proteolytically activated by furin.
Gordon, V M, Benz, R, Fujii, K, Leppla, S H, Tweten, R K
Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin is secreted as an inactive 46,450-Da protoxin. The protoxin is activated by proteolytic cleavage near the C terminus, which eventually causes the release of a...
Uchida, I, Hornung, J M, Thorne, C B, Klimpel, K R, Leppla, S H
The 184-kb Bacillus anthracis plasmid pXO1, which is required for virulence, contains three genes encoding the protein components of anthrax toxin, cya (edema factor gene), lef (lethal factor gene),...
Pomerantsev, A. P., Kalnin, K. V., Osorio, M., Leppla, S. H.
Bacillus anthracis is nonhemolytic, even though it is closely related to the highly hemolytic Bacillus cereus. Hemolysis by B. cereus results largely from the action of phosphatidylcholine-specific...
Little, S F, Leppla, S H, Friedlander, A M
The lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis consists of two components, protective antigen and lethal factor. Protective antigen is cleaved after binding to cell receptors, yielding a receptor-bound...
Little, S F, Leppla, S H, Cora, E
Thirty-six monoclonal antibodies to the protective antigen protein of Bacillus anthracis exotoxin have been characterized for affinity, antibody subtype, competitive binding to antigenic regions, and...
Gordon, V M, Leppla, S H, Hewlett, E L
Bordetella pertussis and Bacillus anthracis produce extracytoplasmic adenylate cyclase toxins (AC toxins) with shared features including activation by calmodulin and the ability to enter target cells...
Immunization studies with attenuated strains of Bacillus anthracis.
Ivins, B E, Ezzell, J W, Jemski, J, Hedlund, K W, Ristroph, J D, Leppla, S H
Live, attenuated strains of Bacillus anthracis lacking either the capsule plasmid pXO2, the toxin plasmid pXO1, or both were tested for their efficacy as vaccines against intravenous challenge with...
Ezzell, J W, Ivins, B E, Leppla, S H
The kinetics of Bacillus anthracis toxin production in culture and its lethal activity in rats, mice, and guinea pigs were investigated. Lethal toxin activity was produced in vitro throughout...
Characterization of macrophage sensitivity and resistance to anthrax lethal toxin.
Friedlander, A M, Bhatnagar, R, Leppla, S H, Johnson, L, Singh, Y
Anthrax lethal toxin, which consists of two proteins, protective antigen and lethal factor, is cytolytic for macrophages. Macrophages from different mouse strains were found to vary in their...
To investigate the ability of anthrax toxin lethal factor (LF) to translocate foreign proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells and to characterize the structural requirements of this process,...
Transcriptional regulation of the protective antigen gene of Bacillus anthracis.
Bicarbonate is required for production of the major virulence factors, the toxins and capsule, of Bacillus anthracis. In this study we examined the basis for stimulation of production of protective...
Bhatnagar, R, Singh, Y, Leppla, S H, Friedlander, A M
Anthrax lethal toxin, which consists of two separate proteins, protective antigen (Mr, 82,700) and lethal factor (Mr, approximately 83,000), is cytotoxic to the macrophagelike cell line J774A.1....
Anthrax toxin is composed of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), lethal factor (LF), and edema factor (EF). These proteins individually cause no known physiological effects in animals but in...
Pavlovskis, O R, Edman, D C, Leppla, S H, Wretlind, B, Lewis, L R, Martin, K E
The immunoprophylactic effect of chemically inactivated Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A in experimental pseudomonas infections was studied. Exotoxin A toxoids were prepared by Formalin (f-TXD) or...
Lewandowski, Leon J., Leppla, S. H.
The 3′ terminal nucleosides of the isolated components of double-stranded ribonucleic acids of reovirus, wound tumor virus, and cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus were determined by labeling with...
Characterization of the Subunit Structure of the Ribonucleic Acid Genome of Influenza Virus
Lewandowski, L. J., Content, J., Leppla, S. H.
Ribonucleic acid extracted from influenza virus was labeled at the 3′ termini with 3H and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Influenza virus was found to contain a minimum of seven and...
Evaluation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin A in experimental rat burn wound sepsis.
Walker, H L, McLeod, C G, Leppla, S H, Mason, A D
The search for methods to achieve control of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection continues with the introduction of aluminum-absorbed toxoid developed from P. aeruginosa exotoxin. This toxoid induces...
Large-scale purification and characterization of the exotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The exotoxin (PE) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was purified from 50-liter cultures by a simple three-step procedure, yielding 135 mg of essentially homogeneous protein. In Ouchterlony gel diffusion, PE...
Varughese, M., Chi, A., Teixeira, A. V., Nicholls, P. J., Keith, J. M., Leppla, S. H.
BACKGROUND: Anthrax toxin, secreted by Bacillus anthracis, consists of protective antigen (PA) and either lethal factor (LF) or edema factor (EF). PA, the receptor-binding component of the toxin,...