Steven H. Low

1 Optimization Flow Control, I: Basic Algorithm and Convergence (2007)

Abstract--- Consider a set of users sharing a network node under an allocation scheme that provides each user with a fixed minimum and a random extra amount of bandwidth and buffer. Allocations and...

Optimization Based Congestion Control for the Internet (2007)

Abstract--- We propose an optimization approach to flow control where the objective is to maximize the aggregate source utility over their transmission rates. We view network links and sources as...

Steven Low Dept, Steven H. Low

Optimization based flow control is motivated by a welfare maximization problem and derives its control mechanism as a distributed algorithm to solve it. Different proposals differ in their definition...

Abstract High-Density Model of Content Distribution Network ∗ (2007)

Craig Cameron, Steven H. Low, David Wei

It is well known that optimal server placement is NPhard. We present an approximate model of content distribution network for the case when both clients and servers are dense, and propose a simple...

1 Optimization Flow Control, II: Implementation (2007)

Sanjeewa Athuraliya, Steven H. Low

A duality model of flow control is proposed in Part I of this paper and leads to a basic flow control algorithm. In this sequel we develop a practical implementation of the basic algorithm, Random...

Fernando Paganini (2007)

Steven H. Low, John C. Doyle

This article reviews the current TCP congestion control protocols and overviews recent advances that have brought analytical tools to this problem. We describe an optimization-based framework that...

An Accurate Link Model and Its Application to Stability Analysis of FAST TCP (2007)

Ao Tang, Krister Jacobsson, Steven H. Low

Abstract — This paper presents a link model which captures the queue dynamics when congestion windows of TCP sources change. By considering both the self-clocking and the link integrator effects,...

WAN-in-Lab: Motivation, deployment and experiments (2007)

George S. Lee, Ao Tang, Steven H. Low

Abstract — WAN-in-Lab is a hardware testbed for the design, development, testing and evaluation of high speed network protocols. It uses real carrier-class networking hardware to avoid the...

Optimization based rate control for multicast with network coding (2007)

Lijun Chen, Tracey Ho, Steven H. Low, Mung Chiang, John C. Doyle

Abstract — Recent advances in network coding have shown great potential for efficient information multicasting in communication networks, in terms of both network throughput and network management....

Layering as optimization decomposition (2007)

Mung Chiang, Steven H. Low, A. Robert Calderbank, John C. Doyle

Network protocols in layered architectures have historically been obtained on an ad hoc basis, and many of the recent cross-layer designs are conducted through piecemeal approaches. They may instead...

Rate control for multicast with network coding (2007)

Lijun Chen, Tracey Ho, Steven H. Low, Mung Chiang, John C. Doyle

Abstract — Recent advances in network coding have shown great potential for efficient information multicasting in communication networks, in terms of both network throughput and network management....

Asynchronous Distributed Averaging on Communication Networks (2007)

Mortada Mehyar, Demetri Spanos, John Pongsajapan, Steven H. Low, Richard M. Murray

Abstract — Distributed algorithms for averaging have attracted interest in the control and sensing literature. However, previous works have not addressed some practical concerns that will arise in...

WAN-in-Lab: motivation, deployment and experiments (2007)

Lee, George S., Andrew, Lachlan L. H., Tang, Ao, Low, Steven H.

WAN-in-Lab is a hardware testbed for the design, development, testing and evaluation of high speed network protocols. It uses real carrier-class networking hardware to avoid the artifacts introduced...

Pricing in the presence of peering (2007)

Lee, Eui-Woong, Buchfuhrer, David, Andrew, Lachlan L. H., Tang, Kevin, Low, Steven H.

This paper examines a simple model of how a provider ISP charges customer ISPs by assuming the provider ISP wants to maximize its revenue while customer ISPs have the possibility of setting up...

An accurate link model and its application to stability analysis of FAST TCP (2007)

Tang, Ao, Jacobsson, Krister, Andrew, Lachlan L. H., Low, Steven H.

This paper presents a link model which captures the queue dynamics when congestion windows of TCP sources change. By considering both the self-clocking and the link integrator effects, the model is a...

Opportunistic source coding for data gathering in wireless sensor networks (2007)

Cui, Tao, Chen, Lijun, Ho, Tracey, Low, Steven H., Andrew, Lachlan L. H.

We propose a jointly opportunistic source coding and opportunistic routing (OSCOR) protocol for correlated data gathering in wireless sensor networks. OSCOR improves data gathering efficiency by...

Part I Overview Nature of the Tutorial (2006)

Steven H. Low, A. Robert Calderbank, M. Chiang, S. H. Low, A. R. Calderbank, J. C. Doyle, ...

3:00 – 3:20pm MAC: reverse and forward engineering (Chiang) 3:20 – 3:35pm Decomposition theory and alternative decompositions (Chiang) 3:35 – 3:45pm Break 3:45 – 4:00pm Case 1: Joint...

Maxnet: Theory and implementation (2006)

Krister Jacobsson, Steven H. Low, Martin Suchara, Ryan Witt, Bartek P. Wydrowski

Abstract — This paper presents the first implementation of the MaxNet TCP network congestion control protocol. MaxNet uses explicit multi-bit signalling from routers to achieve high throughput and...

Random access game and medium access control design,” submitted for publication (2006)

Lijun Chen, Steven H. Low, John C. Doyle

We study the contention/interaction among wireless nodes and med-ium access control design in game theory framework. We define a general class of games, called random access games, to capture the...

Counter-intuitive throughput behaviors in networks under end-to-end control (2006)

Counter-intuitive throughput behaviors in networks under end-to-end control (2006)

Abstract — It has been shown that as long as traffic sources adapt their rates to aggregate congestion measure in their paths, they implicitly maximize certain utility. In this paper we study some...

Ao Tang, Jiantao Wang, Student Member, Student Member, Steven H. Low, Senior Member

Abstract—It has been shown that as long as traffic sources adapt their rates to aggregate congestion measure in their paths, they implicitly maximize certain utility. In this paper we study some...

Layering as optimization decomposition: current status and open issues (2006)

Mung Chiang, Steven H. Low, A. Robert Calderbank, John C. Doyle

Abstract—Network protocols in layered architectures have historically been obtained on an ad-hoc basis, and much of the recent cross-layer designs are conducted through piecemeal approaches....

Understanding XCP: Equilibrium and Fairness (2005)

Steven H. Low, Bartek P. Wydrowski

an affiliated programme of the National ICT Australia. Abstract — We prove that the XCP equilibrium solves a constrained max-min fairness problem by identifying it with the unique solution of a...

Cross-layer optimization in TCP/IP networks (2005)

Modeling and stability of FAST TCP (2005)

Abstract — TCP–AQM can be interpreted as distributed primal-dual algorithms to maximize aggregate utility over source rates. We show that an equilibrium of TCP/IP, if exists, maximizes aggregate...

Jiantao Wang, David X. Wei, Joon-young Choi, Steven H. Low

Abstract. We discuss the modelling of FAST TCP and prove four stability results. Using the traditional continuous-time flow model, we prove, for general networks, that FAST TCP is globally...

Network equilibrium of heterogeneous congestion control protocols (2005)

Ao Tang, Jiantao Wang, Student Member, Steven H. Low, Senior Member

Abstract—When heterogeneous congestion control protocols that react to different pricing signals share the same network, the resulting equilibrium may no longer be interpreted as a solution to the...

Fast tcp: From theory to experiments (2005)

Cheng Jin, David Wei, Steven H. Low, Julian Bunn, Hyojeong D. Choe, John C. Doyle, ...

he congestion control algorithm in the current TCP has performed remarkably well and is generally believed to have prevented severe congestion as the Internet scaled up by six orders of magnitude in...

Joint congestion control and media access control design for ad hoc wireless networks (2005)

Lijun Chen, Steven H. Low, John C. Doyle

Abstract — We present a model for the joint design of congestion control and media access control (MAC) for ad hoc wireless networks. Using contention graph and contention matrix, we formulate...

Network equilibrium of heterogeneous congestion control protocols (2005)

Ao Tang, Jiantao Wang, Steven H. Low, Mung Chiang

Abstract — When heterogeneous congestion control protocols that react to different pricing signals share the same network, the resulting equilibrium may no longer be interpreted as a solution to...

Equilibrium and fairness of networks shared by TCP (2005)

Ao Tang, Jiantao Wang, Sanjay Hegde, Steven H. Low

It has been proved theoretically that a network with heterogeneous congestion control algorithms that react to different congestion signals can have multiple equilibrium points. In this paper, we...

Cross-layer optimization in TCP/IP networks (2005)

Understanding XCP: equilibrium and fairness (2005)

Abstract — TCP–AQM can be interpreted as distributed primal-dual algorithms to maximize aggregate utility over source rates. We show that an equilibrium of TCP/IP, if exists, maximizes aggregate...

Low, Steven H., Andrew, Lachlan L. H., Wydrowski, Bartek P.

We prove that the XCP equilibrium solves a constrained max-min fairness problem by identifying it with the unique solution of a hierarchy of optimization problems, namely those solved by max-min fair...

Is Fair Allocation always Inefficient (2004)

Is Fair Allocation always Inefficient (2004)

A central issue in networking is how to allocate bandwidth to flows efficiently and fairly, in a decentralized manner. Here, the efficiency of an allocation policy is measured by the aggregate...

2.2 Rate Control...................................... 4 (2004)

A central issue in networking is how to allocate bandwidth to flows efficiently and fairly, in a decentralized manner. Here, the efficiency of an allocation policy is measured by the aggregate...

David X. Wei, Steven H. Low

In this paper, we propose a two-layer model for TCP traffic with burstiness effect. We show that the backlog in bottleneck queue is bounded by the sum of two components: the long term effect of...

Fast TCP: motivation, architecture, algorithms, performance (2004)

David X. Wei, Student Member, Cheng Jin, Steven H. Low, Senior Member, Sanjay Hegde

algorithm for high-speed long-latency networks, from design to implementation. We highlight the approach taken by FAST TCP to address the four difficulties which the current TCP implementation has at...

Fast TCP: motivation, architecture, algorithms, performance (2004)

David X. Wei, Cheng Jin, Steven H. Low, Sanjay Hegde

control algorithm for high-speed long-latency networks, from design to implementation. We highlight the approach taken by FAST TCP to address the four difficulties, at both packet and flow levels,...

Optimization Flow Control with Estimation Error (2004)

Mortada Mehyar, Demetri Spanos, Steven H. Low

We analyze the effects of price estimation error in a dual-gradient optimization flow control scheme, and characterize the performance of the algorithm in this case. By treating estimation error as...

Understanding CHOKe: throughput and spatial characteristics (2004)

Ao Tang, Student Member, Jiantao Wang, Steven H. Low, Senior Member

Abstract—A recently proposed active queue management, CHOKe, is stateless, simple to implement, yet surprisingly effective in protecting TCP from UDP flows. We present an equilibrium model of...

Fast TCP: motivation, architecture, algorithms, performance (2004)

David X. Wei, Cheng Jin, Steven H. Low, Sanjay Hegde

control algorithm for high-speed long-latency networks, from design to implementation. We highlight the approach taken by FAST TCP to address the four difficulties, at both packet and flow levels,...

Design of AQM in Supporting TCP Based on the Well-Known AIMD Model (2003)

Kim, Ki Baek, Tang, Ao, Low, Steven H

In this paper, we investigate how to design AQM with a low-pass filter (average queuing) in supporting TCP based on the well-known AIMD dynamic model. Since we formulate the AQM design problem for...

Can shortest-path routing and tcp maximize utility (2003)

Maximum and asymptotic UDP throughput under CHOKe (2003)

TCP-AQM protocols can be interpreted as distributed primal-dual algorithms over the Internet to maximize aggregate utility over source rates. In this paper we study whether TCP–AQM together with...

Jiantao Wang, Ao Tang, Steven H. Low

A recently proposed active queue management, CHOKe, aims to protect TCP from UDP flows. Simulations have shown that as UDP rate increases, its bandwidth share initially rises but eventually drops. We...

A new TCP/AQM for stable operation in fast networks (2003)

Fernando Paganini, Zhikui Wang, Steven H. Low, John C. Doyle

Abstract—This paper is aimed at designing a congestion control system that scales gracefully with network capacity, providing high utilization, low queueing delay, dynamic stability, and fairness...

Can shortest-path routing and tcp maximize utility (2003)

A duality model of TCP and queue management algorithms (2003)

Abstract — TCP-AQM protocol can be interpreted as distributed primal-dual algorithms over the Internet to maximize aggregate utility. In this paper we study whether TCP-AQM together with...

Congestion Control for High Performance, Stability and Fairness in General Networks (2003)

We propose a duality model of congestion control and apply it to understand the equilibrium properties of TCP and active queue management schemes. Congestion control is the interaction of source...

Fernando Paganini, Zhikui Wang, John C. Doyle, Steven H. Low

This paper is aimed at designing a congestion control system that scales gracefully with network capacity, providing high utilization, low queueing delay, dynamic stability, and fairness among users....

A new TCP/AQM for Stable Operation in Fast (2003)

Networks Fernando Paganini, Fernando Paganini, Zhikui Wang, Steven H. Low, John C. Doyle

This paper is aimed at designing a congestion control system that scales gracefully with network capacity, providing high utilization, low queueing delay, dynamic stability, and fairness among users....

Understanding CHOKe (2003)

Linear Stability of TCP/RED and a Scalable Control (2003)

A recently proposed active queue management, CHOKe, is stateless, simple to implement, yet surprisingly effective in protecting TCP from UDP flows. As UDP rate increases, even though the number of...

Steven H. Low, Fernando Paganini, Jiantao Wang, John C. Doyle

We demonstrate that the dynamic behavior of queue and average window is determined predominantly by the stability of TCP/RED, not by AIMD probing nor noise tra#c. We develop a general multi-link...

FAST Protocols: Theory, Implementation, Experiment, Deployment (2003)

Steven H. Low, Guy Almes, Werner Almesberger, Julian Bunn, Les Cottrell, ...

Contents 1 Executive summary 3 2 Motivation 4 2.1 Demand for ultrascale networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 TCP/IP paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Maximum and asymptotic UDP throughput under CHOKe (2003)

Jiantao Wang, Ao Tang, Steven H. Low

A recently proposed active queue management, CHOKe, aims to protect TCP from UDP flows. Simulations have shown that as UDP rate increases, its bandwidth share initially rises but eventually drops. We...

Cost of AQM in stabilizing TCP (2002)

Kim, Ki Baek, Low, Steven H.

In this paper, we propose a unified mathematical framework based on receding horizon control for analyzing and designing AQM (Active Queue Management) algorithms in stabilizing TCP (Transfer Control...

Analysis and Design of AQM for stabilizing TCP (2002)

Kim, Ki Baek, Low, Steven H.

In this paper, we propose a unified AQM (Active Queue Management) framework and stabilizing optimal AQMs in stabilizing a given TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and a real-queue dynamics. Since we...

Dynamics of TCP/RED and a scalable control (2002)

Steven H. Low, Fernando Paganini, Jiantao Wang, Sachin Adlakha, John C. Doyle

Abstract — We demonstrate that the dynamic behavior of queue and average window is determined predominantly by the stability of TCP/RED, not by AIMD probing nor noise traffic. We develop a general...

Dynamics of TCP/RED and a scalable control (2002)

Steven H. Low, Fernando Paganini, Jiantao Wang, Sachin Adlakha, John C. Doyle

Abstract — We demonstrate that the dynamic behavior of queue and average window is determined predominantly by the stability of TCP/RED, not by AIMD probing nor noise traffic. We develop a general...

High-density model for server allocation and placement (2002)

Craig W. Cameron, Steven H. Low

It is well known that optimal server placement is NP-hard. We present an approximate model for the case when both clients and servers are dense, and propose a simple server allocation and placement...

High-density model for server allocation and placement (2002)

Craig W. Cameron, Steven H. Low

It is well known that optimal server placement is NP-hard. We present an approximate model for the case when both clients and servers are dense, and propose a simple server allocation and placement...

Robustness and the Internet: Theoretical Foundations (2002)

John C. Doyle, Jean Carlson, Steven H. Low, Fernando Paganini, Glenn Vinnicombe, Walter Willinger, ...

This article uses the Internet as a starting point to illustrate universal aspects of complex systems throughout technology and biology. Complexity in most systems is driven by the need for...

Stabilized Vegas (2002)

Hyojeong Choe, Steven H. Low

We show that the current TCP Vegas algorithm can become unstable in the presence of network delay and propose a modification that stabilizes it. The stabilized Vegas remains completely sourcebased...

Understanding Vegas: a duality model (2002)

Steven H. Low, Larry L. Peterson, Limin Wang

this paper, we study the congestion avoidance mechanism of Vegas. It is well-known that file sizes transported over the Internet have heavy-tail. In simple terms this means that while most TCP...

REM: active queue management (2001)

Sanjeewa Athuraliya, Victor H. Li, Steven H. Low, Qinghe Yin

REM is an active queue management scheme that measures congestion not by a performance measure such as loss or delay, but by a quantity we call price. Price is computed by each link distributively...

REM: active queue management (2001)

Sanjeewa Athuraliya, Victor H. Li, Steven H. Low, Qinghe Yin

We describe a new active queue management scheme, Random Exponential Marking (REM), that aims to achieve both high utilization and negligible loss and delay in a simple and scalable manner. The key...

Understanding TCP Vegas: A duality model (2001)

Steven H. Low, Larry L. Peterson, Limin Wang

We view congestion control as a distributed primal-dual algorithm carried out by sources and links over a network to solve a global optimization problem. We describe a multi-link multisource model of...

REM: active queue management (2001)

Sanjeewa Athuraliya, Victor H. Li, Steven H. Low, Qinghe Yin

REM is an active queue management scheme that measures congestion not by a performance measure such as loss or delay, but by a quantity we call price. Price is computed by each link distributively...

Convergence of REM flow control at a single link (2001)

Qinghe Yin, Steven H. Low

Various TCP congestion control schemes can be interpreted as approximately carrying out a certain basic algorithm to maximize aggregate source utility, different schemes corresponding to different...

A Duality Model of TCP and Queue Management Algorithms (2001)

Capacity of Text Marking Channel (2000)

In this paper we propose a duality model of congestion control and apply it to TCP and active queue management schemes. Congestion control is the interaction of source rates with certain congestion...

Steven H. Low, Nicholas F. Maxemchuk

We have proposed earlier watermarking text documents by slightly shifting certain text lines. Such a text line represents a noisy channel and marking represents the transmission of a signal through...

Optimization flow control, I: basic algorithm and convergence (1999)

Optimization Flow Control, I: Basic Algorithm and Convergence (1999)

Abstract — We propose an optimization approach to flow control where the objective is to maximize the aggregate source utility over their transmission rates. We view network links and sources as...

Optimization flow control, I: basic algorithm and convergence (1999)

We propose an optimization approach to flow control where the objective is to maximize the aggregate source utility over their transmission rates. We view network links and sources as processors of a...

Equilibrium allocation of variable resources for elastic traffics (1998)

Abstract — We propose an optimization approach to flow control where the objective is to maximize the aggregate source utility over their transmission rates. We view network links and sources as...

Equilibrium allocation and pricing of variable resources among user-suppliers (1998)

Abstract — Consider a set of connections sharing a network node under an allocation scheme that pro-vides each connection with a fixed minimum and a random extra amount of bandwidth and buffer....

Cooperative Reliable Multicast Protocol with Local Recovery (1998)

We propose a novel model of resource sharing schemes that provide each user with a fixed minimum and a random extra amount of bandwidth and buffer. Allocations and prices are adjusted to adapt to...

Young-mi Ohk, Steven H. Low

A Cooperative Reliable Multicast Protocol (CRMP) has been developed to improve real-time data transmission on the Internet Multicast Backbone (MBone) by adding a retransmit server and some repair...

A Collusion Problem and its Solution (1998)

Steven H. Low, Nicholas F. Maxemchuk

Consider a group of colluders each with certain knowledge such as identity of some other colluders, some cryptographic keys, and some data, possibly multiply encrypted. Two colluders can combine...

Anonymous credit cards and its collusion analysis (1996)

Anonymous Credit Cards and Their Collusion Analysis (1996)

Communications networks are traditionally used to bring information together. They can also be used to keep information apart in order to protect personal privacy. A cryptographic protocol specifies...

Burst reducing servers in ATM networks (1995)

Communications networks are traditionally used to bring information together. They can also be used to keep information apart in order to protect personal privacy. A cryptographic protocol specifies...

Steven H. Low, Pravin P. Varaiya

We study a stream of traffic or message as it is transferred over an ATM connection consisting of burst reducing servers. A message is modeled as a deterministic fluid flow, and an ATM node is...

Anonymous Credit Cards (1994)

Anonymous Internet Mercantile Protocol (1994)

This paper describes a communications networking technique for funds transfer which combines the privacy of cash transactions with the security, record-keeping and charging mechanisms of credit...

David M. Kristol, Steven H. Low, Nicholas F. Maxemchuk

Security and privacy protection become increasingly important as we enter the era of electronic commerce and information superhighways. We have applied the same principle of information separation in...

Collusion in a Multi-party Communication Protocol for Anonymous Credit Cards (1994)