Subodh Kumar

Antigenotoxic Activity of Polyphenolic Rich Extracts from Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa in Human Blood Lymphocytes and E.coli PQ 37 (2009)

Prabhjit Kaur, Amandeep Walia, Subodh Kumar, Satwinderjeet Kaur

The present paper deals with the antigenotoxic activity of Aegle marmelos fruit extracts employing short term assays i.e. the SOS chromotest using Escherichia coli PQ37 and the Comet assay in...

Investigation of Ethyl Acetate Extract/Fractions of Acacia nilotica willd. Ex Del as Potent Antioxidant (2009)

Rajbir Singh, Bikram Singh, Sukhpreet Singh, Neeraj Kumar, Subodh Kumar, Saroj Arora

This study was planned to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract/fractions of Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex. Del extracted with different solvents of increasing and decreasing order...

of Complex CSG Models (2008)

High Speed, High Fidelity Visualization, Subodh Kumar, Shankar Krishnan, Dinesh Manocha, Atul Narkhede

We present a system for fast and accurate display of CSG (constructive solid geometry) models. Such models have as primitives, polyhedra and solids whose boundaries can be represented using rational...

Representation, Boundary Computation and Fast Display of CSG Models with NURBS Primitives (2008)

Shankar Krishnan, Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha

We present e cient and accurate algorithms for Boolean combinations of solids composed of sculptured models. The boundary of each solid is represented as a collection of trimmed spline surfaces and a...

Modeling of gas flow inside and outside the nozzle used in spray deposition (2008)

Jeyakumar, M, Gupta, GS, Kumar, Subodh

In spray deposition, the flowpattern of atomizing gas plays an important role in the atomization process. In the present investigation, gas flow inside and outside the nozzle is analyzed n0umerically...

iClay: Digitizing Cuneiform (2008)

Y. Chrysanthou, K. Cain, N. Silberman, F. Niccolucci (editors, Jonathan Cohen, Donald Duncan, ...

Advances in digital technology for the graphic and textual representation of manuscripts have not, until recently, been applied to the worldʼs oldest manuscripts, cuneiform tablets. This is due in...

ISOSLIDER: A System for Interactive Exploration of (2008)

S. Hahmann, Jatin Chhugani, Sudhir Vishwanath, Jonathan Cohen, ...

We present ISOSLIDER, a system for interactive exploration of isosurfaces of a scalar field. Our algorithm focuses on fast update of isosurfaces for interactive display as a user makes small changes...

iClay: Digitizing Cuneiform (2008)

Y. Chrysanthou, K. Cain, N. Silberman, F. Niccolucci (editors, Jonathan Cohen, Donald Duncan, ...

Advances in digital technology for the graphic and textual representation of manuscripts have not, until recently, been applied to the worldʼs oldest manuscripts, cuneiform tablets. This is due in...

Graphics Hardware (2005) (2008)

Meissner Schneider Editors, Budirijanto Purnomo, Jonathan Bilodeau, Jonathan D. Cohen, Subodh Kumar

We present a vertex compression technique suitable for efficient decompression on graphics hardware. Given a user-specified number of bits per vertex, we automatically allocate bits to vertex...

Visualization of Time-Varying Curvilinear Grids Using a 3D Warp Texture Yuan Chen, Jonathan Cohen, Subodh Kumar (2008)

Yuan Chen, Jonathan Cohen, Subodh Kumar

We present a novel scheme to interactively visualize time-varying scalar fields defined on a curvilinear grid. We create a 3D warp texture that maps points in R into the grid coordinate system. At...

Incremental Triangulation for Trimmed Spline Surfaces (2008)

Exte Nd Ed, Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha

Subodh Kumar Dinesh Manocha Department of Computer Science University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3175 fkumar,manochag@cs.unc.edu 1

Modeling of gas flow inside and outside the nozzle used in spray deposition (2008)

Jeyakumar, M, Gupta, GS, Kumar, Subodh

In spray deposition, the flowpattern of atomizing gas plays an important role in the atomization process. In the present investigation, gas flow inside and outside the nozzle is analyzed n0umerically...

Antileishmanial activity of nano-amphotericin B deoxycholate (2008)

Manandhar, Krishna Das, Yadav, Thakur Prasad, Prajapati, Vijay Kumar, Kumar, Subodh, Rai, Madhukar, Dube, Anuradha, ...

Objectives The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of a nano form of amphotericin B deoxycholate with that of conventional amphotericin B deoxycholate for the treatment of visceral...

Representation and Fast Display of Complex CSG Models (2007)

Subodh Kumar, Shankar Krishnan, Dinesh Manocha, Atul Narkhede

: We present a system for fast and accurate display of CSG (constructive solid geometry) models. Such models have as primitives, polyhedra and solids whose boundaries can be represented using...

Scalable Parallel Algorithms For Interactive Visualization Of Curved Surfaces (2007)

Subodh Kumar, Chun-fa Chang, Dinesh Manocha

We present efficient parallel algorithms for interactive display of higher order surfaces on current graphics systems. At each frame, these algorithms approximate the surface by polygons and...

and is comparatively more efficient in worst case complexity, expected complexity, and observed behavior than that used in [KM95]. In addition, in the trapezoidation step, we have incorporated (2007)

Simplicity Detection, Subodh Kumar

this paper, we only consider the trimming curves that comprise a single connected component (other than the regular 0-1 domain boundary). Reducing multiple components to this case follows the same...

of Complex CSG Models (2007)

High Speed, High Fidelity Visualization, Subodh Kumar, Shankar Krishnan, Dinesh Manocha, Atul Narkhede

We present a system for fast and accurate display of CSG (constructive solid geometry) models. Such models have as primitives, polyhedra and solids whose boundaries can be represented using rational...

Representation, Boundary Computation and Fast Display of CSG Models with NURBS Primitives (2007)

Shankar Krishnan, Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha

We present efficient and accurate algorithms for Boolean combinations of solids composed of sculptured models. The boundary of each solid is represented as a collection of trimmed spline surfaces and...

Thermal cycling behaviour of the magnesium alloy based hybrid composites in the transverse direction (2007)

Kumar, Subodh, Dieringa, Hajo, Kainer, Karl-Ulrich

The thermal cycling behaviour of a creep-resistant AE42 alloy reinforced with 20 vol% saffil short fibre as well as various volume fractions of saffil short fibre and SiC particulate has been...

Wear behaviour of AE42+20% saffil Mg-MMC (2007)

Mondal, Ashok Kumar, Rao, Chandra BSS, Kumar, Subodh

The wear behaviour of AE42 magnesium alloy and AE42+20% saffil short fibre composite is investigated in dry sliding condition using a pin-on-disc set-up in the load range of 5-40 N with sliding...

Thermal cycling behaviour of the magnesium alloy based hybrid composites in the transverse direction (2007)

Kumar, Subodh, Dieringa, Hajo, Kainer, Karl-Ulrich

The thermal cycling behaviour of a creep-resistant AE42 alloy reinforced with 20 vol% saffil short fibre as well as various volume fractions of saffil short fibre and SiC particulate has been...

Effect of particulate content on the thermal cycling behavior of the magnesium alloy based hybrid composites (2005)

Kumar, Subodh, Dieringa, Hajo, Kainer, Karl-Ulrich

The thermal cycling behavior of a creep-resistant AE42 alloy, AE42 alloy reinforced with 20 vol% saffil short fiber as well as various volume fractions of saffil short fiber and SiC particulate was...

Effect of particulate content on the thermal cycling behavior of the magnesium alloy based hybrid composites (2005)

Kumar, Subodh, Dieringa, Hajo, Kainer, Karl-Ulrich

The thermal cycling behavior of a creep-resistant AE42 alloy, AE42 alloy reinforced with 20 vol% saffil short fiber as well as various volume fractions of saffil short fiber and SiC particulate was...

vLOD: High-Fidelity Walkthrough of Large Virtual Environments (2005)

Jatin Chhugani, Budirijanto Purnomo, Shankar Krishnan, Jonathan Cohen, Suresh Venkatasubramanian, David Johnson, ...

We present visibility computation and data organization algorithms that enable high-fidelity walkthroughs of large 3D geometric data sets. A novel feature of our walkthrough system is that it...

Effect of specimen condition, orientation and alloy composition on PLC band parameters (2004)

Shabadi, Rajashekhar, Kumar, Subodh, Roven, Hans J, Dwarakadasa, ES

The PLC band parameters are studied in an AA2219 aluminium alloy using a newly developed laser speckle technique for the direct observation of PLC bands. It is observed that though the magnitude of...

Analysing hysteresis and residual strains in thermal cycling curves of short fibre reinforced Mg-MMCs (2004)

Kumar, Subodh, Mondal, Ashok Kumar, Dieringa, Hajo, Kainer, Karl-Ulrich

Hysteresis and residual strains as exhibited by thermal cycling curves of QE22 based Mg alloy reinforced with Maftech_, Saffil_or Supertech_ short .bres are analysed in order to interpret them...

Effect of specimen condition, orientation and alloy composition on PLC band parameters (2004)

Shabadi, Rajashekhar, Kumar, Subodh, Roven, Hans J, Dwarakadasa, ES

The PLC band parameters are studied in an AA2219 aluminium alloy using a newly developed laser speckle technique for the direct observation of PLC bands. It is observed that though the magnitude of...

Analysing hysteresis and residual strains in thermal cycling curves of short fibre reinforced Mg-MMCs (2004)

Kumar, Subodh, Mondal, Ashok Kumar, Dieringa, Hajo, Kainer, Karl-Ulrich

Hysteresis and residual strains as exhibited by thermal cycling curves of QE22 based Mg alloy reinforced with Maftech_, Saffil_or Supertech_ short .bres are analysed in order to interpret them...

Evaluation of elastic modulus of an Al-MMC using finite element analysis (2004)

Narasimhamurty, Vagesh D, Kumar, Subodh, Gupta, Govind S, Gupta, Manoj

The elastic modulus of metal matrix composite with aluminum alloy AA1050 as matrix, and galvanized iron wire (AISI 1008) as reinforcement was detd. using finite element anal. in order to find out the...

Evaluation of elastic modulus of an Al-MMC using finite element analysis (2004)

Narasimhamurty, Vagesh D, Kumar, Subodh, Gupta, Govind S, Gupta, Manoj

The elastic modulus of metal matrix composite with aluminum alloy AA1050 as matrix, and galvanized iron wire (AISI 1008) as reinforcement was detd. using finite element anal. in order to find out the...

Seamless Texture Atlases (2004)

R. Scopigno, D. Zorin, Seamless Texture Atlases, Budirijanto Purnomo, Jonathan D. Cohen, Subodh Kumar

Texture atlas parameterization provides an effective way to map a variety of color and data attributes from 2D texture domains onto polygonal surface meshes. However, the individual charts of such...

Analysis of thermal cycling curves of short fibre reinforced Mg-MMCs (2003)

Kumar, Subodh, Ingole, Sudeep, Dieringa, Hajo, Kainer, Karl U

Thermal cycling curves of QE22 based Mg alloy reinforced with Maftech, Saffil and Supertech short fibres are analysed to decipher the intrinsic material behaviour after weaning out the artefacts from...

Analysis of thermal cycling curves of short fibre reinforced Mg-MMCs (2003)

Kumar, Subodh, Ingole, Sudeep, Dieringa, Hajo, Kainer, Karl U

Thermal cycling curves of QE22 based Mg alloy reinforced with Maftech, Saffil and Supertech short fibres are analysed to decipher the intrinsic material behaviour after weaning out the artefacts from...

ISOSLIDER: A System for Interactive Exploration of Isosurfaces (2003)

Jatin Chhugani Sudhir, Sudhir Vishwanath, Jonathan Cohen, Subodh Kumar

We present ISOSLIDER, a system for interactive exploration of isosurfaces of a scalar field. Our algorithm focuses on fast update of isosurfaces for interactive display as a user makes small changes...

Comparative Metabolism of Chrysene and 5-Methylchrysene by Rainbow Trout and Rat Liver Microsomes (2003)

Shappell, Nancy S., Carlino-McDonald, Uli, Amin, Shantu, Kumar, Subodh, Sikka, Harish C.

We have investigated the metabolism of chrysene (CHR) and 5-methychyrsene (5-MeCHR) by Shasta rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) and Long Evans rat liver microsomes to assess the effect of a...

Metabolism of Chrysene by Brown Bullhead Liver Microsomes (2003)

Pangrekar, Jyotsna, Kole, Panna L., Honey, Sangeet A., Kumar, Subodh, Sikka, Harish C.

We have investigated the regio- and stereoselective metabolism of chrysene, a four-ring symmetrical carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), by the liver microsomes of brown bullhead...

Comparative Metabolism of Chrysene and 5-Methylchrysene by Rat and Rainbow Trout Liver Microsomes (2003)

Shappell, Nancy W., Carlino-MacDonald, Uli, Amin, Shantu, Kumar, Subodh, Sikka, Harish C.

We have investigated the metabolism of chrysene (CHR) and 5-methychyrsene (5-MeCHR) by Shasta rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) and Long Evans rat liver microsomes to assess the effect of a...

Comparative Metabolism of Chrysene and 5-Methylchrysene by Rainbow Trout and Rat Liver Microsomes (2003)

Shappell, Nancy S., Carlino-McDonald, Uli, Amin, Shantu, Kumar, Subodh, Sikka, Harish C.

We have investigated the metabolism of chrysene (CHR) and 5-methychyrsene (5-MeCHR) by Shasta rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) and Long Evans rat liver microsomes to assess the effect of a...

Tumorigenicity of racemic and optically pure bay region diol epoxides and other derivatives of the nitrogen heterocycle dibenz[a,h]acridine on mouse skin (2001)

Kumar, Subodh, Chang, Richard L., Wood, Alexander W., Xie, Jian Guo, Huang, Mou Tuan, Cui, Xiao Xing, ...

CD-1 female mice were initiated with a single topical application of 500 nmol dibenz[a,h]acridine (DB[a,h]Acr), its racemic trans-1,2-, 3,4-, 8,9- and 10,11-dihydrodiols, racemic...

Serrated flow of aluminium alloys influenced by precipitates (2000)

Pink, Erwin, Kumar, Subodh, Tian, Baohui

Serrated flow (which is normally a consequence of interactions between diffusing solute atoms and dislocations) is affected in various ways by precipitation. New models suggest that the shearing of...

Robust incremental polygon triangulation for fast surface rendering (2000)

Subodh Kumar

This paper presents a simple, robust and practical, yet fast algorithm for triangulation of points on the domain of trimmed Bézier surfaces. These R 2 points are input to this algorithm by a surface...

Robust Incremental Polygon Triangulation for Fast Surface Rendering (2000)

Subodh Kumar

This paper presents a simple, robust and practical, yet fast algorithm for triangulation of trimmed Bzier surfaces. Points on the surface are input to our algorithm by a sampling scheme. A set of...

Tumorigenicity of four optically active bay-region 3,4-diol 1,2-epoxides and other derivatives of the nitrogen heterocycle dibenz[c,h]acridine on mouse skin and in newborn mice (2000)

Chang, Richard L., Wood, Alexander W., Kumar, Subodh, Lehr, Roland E., Shirai, Naohiro, Jerina, Donald M., ...

The nitrogen heterocycle dibenz[c,h]acridine (DB[c,h]ACR) and the enantiomers of the diastereomeric pair of bay-region 3,4-diol 1,2-epoxides as well as other bay-region epoxides...

RSVP: A Geometric Toolkit for Controlled Repair of Solid Models (1998)

Gill Barequet, Christian A. Duncan, Subodh Kumar

This paper presents a system and the associated algorithms for repairing the boundary representation of CAD models. Two types of errors are considered: topological errors, i.e., aggregate errors like...

RSVP: A Geometric Toolkit for Controlled Repair of Solid Models (1998)

Gill Barequet Christian, Christian A. Duncan, Subodh Kumar

This paper presents a system and the associated algorithms for repairing the boundary representation of CAD models. Two types of errors are considered: topological errors, i.e., aggregate errors like...

Accelerated Walkthrough of Large Spline Models (1997)

Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha, Hansong Zhang, Kenneth Ho

Spline surfaces are routinely used to represent large-scale models for CAD and animation applications. In this paper, we present algorithms for interactive walkthrough of complex NURBS models...

Repairing CAD Models (1997)

Gill Barequet, Subodh Kumar

We describe an algorithm for repairing polyhedral CAD models that have errors in their B-REP. Errors like cracks, degeneracies, duplication, holes and overlaps are usually introduced in solid models...

Accelerated Walkthrough of Large Spline Models (1997)

Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha, Hansong Zhang, Kenneth Hoff

Spline surfaces are routinely used to represent large-scale models for CAD and animation applications. In this paper, we present algorithms for interactive walkthrough of complex NURBS models...

Interactive rendering of parametric spline surfaces / (1996)

Kumar, Subodh.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1996.

Hierarchical back-face culling (1996)

Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha, Bill Garrett, Ming Lin

We present a sub-Ill, car algorithm for computing and culling back-facing polygons that yields a significant performance improvement in the interactive rendering of large polygonal models. The...

Scalable Algorithms For Interactive Visualization Of Curved Surfaces (1996)

Subodh Kumar, Chun-fa Chang, Dinesh Manocha

We present e#cient parallel algorithms for interactive display of higher order surfaces on current graphics systems. At each frame, these algorithms approximate the surface by polygons and rasterize...

Hierarchical Back-Face Computation (1996)

Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha, Bill Garrett, Ming Lin

We presentasub-linear algorithm for computing and culling back-facing polygons that yields a signi#cant performance improvement in the interactive rendering of large polygonal models. The algorithm...

Interactive Rendering of Parametric Spline Surfaces (1996)

Subodh Kumar

This dissertation presents techniques for fast rendering of parametric spline surfaces. It presents algorithms and data structures needed to support the thesis that real-time display of surfaces...

Surface Triangulation: A Survey (1996)

Subodh Kumar

This paper presents a brief survey of some problems and solutions related to the triangulation of surfaces. A surface (a two dimensional manifold, in the context of this paper) can be represented as...

Hierarchical Back-Face Computation (1996)

Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha, Bill Garrett, Ming Lin

We present a sub-linear algorithm for computing and culling back-facing polygons that yields a significant performance improvement in the interactive rendering of large polygonal models. The...

Probabilistic Reliable Message Transmission (1996)

Subodh Kumar

Most communication systems require reliable transmission of a sequence of messages over a physical network which can potentially lose and reorder packets sent over it. For this purpose, typically,...

Scalable Algorithms For Interactive Visualization Of Curved Surfaces (1996)

Subodh Kumar, Chun-fa Chang, Dinesh Manocha

We present efficient parallel algorithms for interactive display of higher order surfaces on current graphics systems. At each frame, these algorithms approximate the surface by polygons and...

Hierarchical Visibility Culling for Spline Models (1996)

Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha

We present hierarchical algorithms for visibility culling of spline models. This includes back-patch culling, a generalization of back-face culling for polygons to splines. These algorithms are...

Interactive Display of Large NURBS Models (1996)

Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha, Anselmo Lastra

We present serial and parallel algorithms for interactive rendering of large-scale NURBS models. The algorithm converts the NURBS surfaces to B'ezier surfaces, tessellates each B'ezier...

Connected Components Algorithms For Mesh-Connected Parallel Computers (1995)

Steve Goddard, Subodh Kumar, Jan F. Prins

. We present a new CREW PRAM algorithm for finding connected components. For a graph G with n vertices and m edges, algorithmA 0 requires at most O(logn) parallel steps and performs O((n+m) log n)...

Interactive Display of Large-Scale NURBS Models (1995)

Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha, Anselmo Lastra

: We present serial and parallel algorithms for interactive rendering of large scale and complex NURBS models on current graphics systems. The algorithms tessellate the NURBS surfaces into triangles...

Connected Components Algorithms For Mesh-Connected Parallel Computers (1995)

Steve Goddard Subodh, Steve Goddard, Subodh Kumar, F. Prins

.We present a new CREW PRAM algorithm for finding connected components. For a graph G with n vertices and m edges, algorithmA 0 requires at most O(logn) parallel steps and performs O((n+m) log n)work...

Connected-Components Algorithms For Mesh-Connected Parallel Computers (1995)

Subodh Kumar, Stephen M. Goddard, Jan F. Prins

. We present efficient parallel algorithms for finding the connected components of sparse and dense graphs using a mesh-connected parallel computer. We start with a PRAM algorithm with work...

Efficient Rendering of Trimmed NURBS Surfaces (1995)

Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha

: We present an algorithm for interactive display of trimmed NURBS surfaces. The algorithm converts the NURBS surfaces to B'ezier surfaces and NURBS trimming curves into B'ezier curves. It...

Efficient Rendering of Trimmed NURBS Surfaces (1995)

Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha

: We present an algorithm for interactive display of trimmed NURBS surfaces. The algorithm converts the NURBS surfaces to B'ezier surfaces and NURBS trimming curves into B'ezier curves. It...

Stereoselective metabolism of dibenz[a,h]acridine to bay-region diol epoxides by rat liver microsomes (1995)

Kumar, Subodh, Singh, Sudhir K., Kole, Panna L., Elmarakby, Sayed, Sikka, Harish C.

The carcinogen dibenz[a,h]acridine (DB[a,h]ACR) is metabolized predominantly to trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrodibenz[a,h]acridine (DB[a,h]ACR-3,4-diol) and the proximate carcinogen...

Interactive Display of Large Scale Trimmed NURBS Models (1994)

Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha

: We present an algorithm for interactive display of trimmed NURBS surfaces. The algorithm converts the NURBS surfaces to B#ezier surfaces, tessellates each trimmedB#ezier surface into triangles and...

Interactive Display of Large Scale Trimmed NURBS Models (1994)

Subodh Kumar, Dinesh Manocha

: We present an algorithm for interactive display of trimmed NURBS surfaces. The algorithm converts the NURBS surfaces to B'ezier surfaces, tessellates each trimmed B'ezier surface into...

Hepatic Uptake and Metabolism of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (1994)

OLSON, JAMES R., MCGARRIGLE, BARBARA P., GIGUOTTI, PAMELA J., KUMAR, SUBODH, MCREYNOLDS, JAMES H.

The pharmacokinetics of TCDD and related compounds is congener, dose, and species specific, with urinary and biliary excretion being dependent on the metabolism of these compounds. Isolated...

Bacterial and mammalian cell mutagenicity of four optically active bay-region 10,11-diol-8,9-epoxides of the nitrogen heterocycle dibenz (a,h) acridine (1993)

Chang, Richard L., Battista, Silvia, Wong, Ching-Quo, Kumar, Subodh, Kole, Panna L., Sikka, Harish C., ...

The mutagenk activities of the enantiomers of the diastereo-meric pair of bay-region 10, 11-diol-8, 9-epoxides of dibenz-[a,h]acridine (DB[a,h]ACR) were evaluated in histidine-dependent strains of...

Metabolism of dibenz[a,h]acridine by rat liver microsomes (1987)

Steward, A.Ruth, Kumar, Subodh, Sikka, Harish C.

As part of a project to assess the effect of heterocyclic nitrogen in modifying the metabolism and mutagenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocabons, we investigated the metabolism of...

Metabolism of benzo[f]quinoline by rat liver microsomes (1987)

Kandaswami, Chithan, Kumar, Subodh, Dubey, Sushil K., Sikka, Harish C.

The metabolism of [1,3-14C]benzo[f]quinoline (BfQ) by liver microsomes from control, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-pretreated and phenobarbital (PB)-pretreated rats has been investigated in order to...

Technological Change, Technological Catch-up, and Capital Deepening: Relative Contributions to Growth and Convergence

Subodh Kumar, R. Robert Russell

We decompose labor-productivity growth into components attributable to (1) technological change (shifts in the world production frontier), (2) technological catch-up (movements toward or away from...