Tsutomu T. Takeuchi

Deep 15um AKARI observations in the CDFS: estimating dust luminosities for a MIR-selected sample and for Lyman Break Galaxies and the evolution of L(dust)/L(UV) with the redshift (2008)

Burgarella, Denis, Buat, Veronique, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Wada, Takehiko, Pearson, Chris

Deep observations of the CDFS have been secured at 15um with AKARI/IRC infrared space telescope (ESA open time). From these observations, we define a sample of MIR-selected galaxies at 15um and we...

Extinction curves flattened by reverse shocks in supernovae (2008)

Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Nozawa, Takaya, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Kozasa, Takashi

We investigate the extinction curves of young galaxies in which dust is supplied from Type II supernovae (SNe II) and/or pair instability supernovae (PISNe). Since at high redshift (z>5), low-mass...

Search for high column density systems with gamma ray bursts (2007)

Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Shibai, Hiroshi, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

We investigate the possibility to search for metal-poor high column density (> 10^{23} cm^{-2}) clouds at high redshift (z) by using gamma ray burst (GRB) afterglows. Such clouds could be related to...

The Evolution of the Visible and Hidden Star Formation in the Universe: Implication from the Luminosity Functions at FUV and FIR (2007)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Buat, Veronique, Burgarella, Denis

Based on GALEX and IRAS/Spitzer datasets, we have found that both FUV and FIR luminosity functions (LFs) show a strong evolution from z=0 to z=1, but the FIR LF evolves much stronger than the FUV...

IR and UV Galaxies at z=0.6 -- Evolution of Dust Attenuation and Stellar Mass as Revealed by SWIRE and GALEX (2007)

Xu, C. Kevin, Shupe, David, Buat, Veronique, Rowan-Robinson, Michael, Iglesias-Páramo, Jorge, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., ...

We study dust attenuation and stellar mass of $\rm z\sim 0.6$ star-forming galaxies using new SWIRE observations in IR and GALEX observations in UV. Two samples are selected from the SWIRE and GALEX...

The Evolution of the Visible and Hidden Star Formation in the Universe: Implication from the Luminosity Functions at FUV and FIR (2006)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Buat, Veronique, Burgarella, Denis

Based on GALEX and IRAS/Spitzer datasets, we have found that both FUV and FIR luminosity functions (LFs) show a strong evolution from z=0 to z=1, but the FIR LF evolves much stronger than the FUV...

A Dust Emission Model for Very Young Galaxies: Expected Properties and Far Infrared Diagnostics (2006)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

Dust plays crucial roles in galaxy formation and evolution. In the early epoch of galaxy evolution dust is only supplied by supernovae (SNe). With the aid of a new physical model of dust production...

Search for high column density systems with gamma ray bursts (2006)

Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Shibai, Hiroshi, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

We investigate the possibility to search for metal-poor high column density (> 10^{23} cm^{-2}) clouds at high redshift (z) by using gamma ray burst (GRB) afterglows. Such clouds could be related to...

Effects of dust scattering albedo and 2175 A bump on ultraviolet colours of normal disc galaxies (2006)

Inoue, Akio K., Buat, Veronique, Burgarella, Denis, Panuzzo, Pasquale, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Iglesias-Paramo, Jorge

We discuss dust properties in the interstellar medium (ISM) of nearby normal galaxies, by comparing observations in the ultraviolet (UV) with simulations by a radiative transfer model. The observed...

Deep Extragalactic Surveys around the Ecliptic Poles with AKARI (ASTRO-F) (2006)

Matsuhara, Hideo, Wada, Takehiko, Matsuura, Shuji, Nakagawa, Takao, Kawada, Mitsunobu, Oyama, Youichi, ...

AKARI (formerly ASTRO-F) is an infrared space telescope designed for an all-sky survey at 10-180 (mu)m, and deep pointed surveys of selected areas at 2-180 (mu)m. The deep pointed surveys with AKARI...

A model for the infrared dust emission from forming galaxies (2006)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Ishii, Takako T., Nozawa, Takaya, Kozasa, Takashi, Hirashita, Hiroyuki

In the early epoch of galaxy evolution, dust is only supplied by supernovae (SNe). With the aid of a new physical model of dust production by SNe developed by Nozawa et al. (2003) (N03), we...

Dust and Molecules in Early Galaxies: Prediction and Strategy for Observations (2006)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

The interplay between dust and molecules is of fundamental importance in early galaxy evolution. First we present the prediction for the dust emission from forming galaxies. Then we discuss the...

The ISO 170um Luminosity Function of Galaxies (2006)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Ishii, Takako T., Dole, Herve, Dennefeld, Michel, Lagache, Guilaine, Puget, Jean-Loup

We constructed a local luminosity function (LF) of galaxies using a flux-limited sample (S_170 > 0.195Jy) of 55 galaxies at z < 0.3 taken from the ISO FIRBACK survey at 170um. The overall shape of...

UV and FIR selected star-forming galaxies at z=0: differences and overlaps (2006)

Xu, C. Kevin, Buat, Veronique, Iglesias-Páramo, Jorge, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Barlow, Tom A., Bianchi, Luciana, ...

We study two samples of local galaxies, one is UV (GALEX) selected and the other FIR (IRAS) selected, to address the question whether UV and FIR surveys see the two sides ('bright' and 'dark') of the...

Deep Extragalactic Surveys around the Ecliptic Poles with AKARI (ASTRO-F) (2006)

Matsuhara, Hideo, Wada, Takehiko, Matsuura, Shuji, Nakagawa, Takao, Kawada, Mitsunobu, Oyama, Youichi, ...

AKARI (formerly ASTRO-F) is an infrared space telescope designed for an all-sky survey at 10-180 (mu)m, and deep pointed surveys of selected areas at 2-180 (mu)m. The deep pointed surveys with AKARI...

Effects of dust scattering albedo and 2175 A bump on ultraviolet colours of normal disc galaxies (2006)

Inoue, Akio K., Buat, Veronique, Burgarella, Denis, Panuzzo, Pasquale, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Iglesias-Paramo, Jorge

We discuss dust properties in the interstellar medium (ISM) of nearby normal galaxies, by comparing observations in the ultraviolet (UV) with simulations by a radiative transfer model. The observed...

UV and FIR selected star-forming galaxies at z=0: differences and overlaps (2006)

Xu, C. Kevin, Buat, Veronique, Iglesias-Páramo, Jorge, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Barlow, Tom A., Bianchi, Luciana, ...

We study two samples of local galaxies, one is UV (GALEX) selected and the other FIR (IRAS) selected, to address the question whether UV and FIR surveys see the two sides ('bright' and 'dark') of the...

Search for high column density systems with gamma ray bursts (2006)

Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Shibai, Hiroshi, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

We investigate the possibility to search for metal-poor high column density (> 10^{23} cm^{-2}) clouds at high redshift (z) by using gamma ray burst (GRB) afterglows. Such clouds could be related to...

A Dust Emission Model for Very Young Galaxies: Expected Properties and Far Infrared Diagnostics (2006)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

Dust plays crucial roles in galaxy formation and evolution. In the early epoch of galaxy evolution dust is only supplied by supernovae (SNe). With the aid of a new physical model of dust production...

A Dust Emission Model for Very Young Galaxies: Expected Properties and Far Infrared Diagnostics (2006)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

Dust plays crucial roles in galaxy formation and evolution. In the early epoch of galaxy evolution dust is only supplied by supernovae (SNe). With the aid of a new physical model of dust production...

Search for high column density systems with gamma ray bursts (2006)

Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Shibai, Hiroshi, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

We investigate the possibility to search for metal-poor high column density (> 10^{23} cm^{-2}) clouds at high redshift (z) by using gamma ray burst (GRB) afterglows. Such clouds could be related to...

Effects of dust scattering albedo and 2175 A bump on ultraviolet colours of normal disc galaxies (2006)

Inoue, Akio K., Buat, Veronique, Burgarella, Denis, Panuzzo, Pasquale, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Iglesias-Paramo, Jorge

We discuss dust properties in the interstellar medium (ISM) of nearby normal galaxies, by comparing observations in the ultraviolet (UV) with simulations by a radiative transfer model. The observed...

Deep Extragalactic Surveys around the Ecliptic Poles with AKARI (ASTRO-F) (2006)

Matsuhara, Hideo, Wada, Takehiko, Matsuura, Shuji, Nakagawa, Takao, Kawada, Mitsunobu, Oyama, Youichi, ...

AKARI (formerly ASTRO-F) is an infrared space telescope designed for an all-sky survey at 10-180 (mu)m, and deep pointed surveys of selected areas at 2-180 (mu)m. The deep pointed surveys with AKARI...

UV and FIR selected star-forming galaxies at z=0: differences and overlaps (2006)

Xu, C. Kevin, Buat, Veronique, Iglesias-Páramo, Jorge, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Barlow, Tom A., Bianchi, Luciana, ...

We study two samples of local galaxies, one is UV (GALEX) selected and the other FIR (IRAS) selected, to address the question whether UV and FIR surveys see the two sides ('bright' and 'dark') of the...

A Dust Emission Model for Very Young Galaxies: Expected Properties and Far Infrared Diagnostics (2006)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

Dust plays crucial roles in galaxy formation and evolution. In the early epoch of galaxy evolution dust is only supplied by supernovae (SNe). With the aid of a new physical model of dust production...

Search for high column density systems with gamma ray bursts (2006)

Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Shibai, Hiroshi, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

We investigate the possibility to search for metal-poor high column density (> 10^{23} cm^{-2}) clouds at high redshift (z) by using gamma ray burst (GRB) afterglows. Such clouds could be related to...

Effects of dust scattering albedo and 2175 A bump on ultraviolet colours of normal disc galaxies (2006)

Inoue, Akio K., Buat, Veronique, Burgarella, Denis, Panuzzo, Pasquale, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Iglesias-Paramo, Jorge

We discuss dust properties in the interstellar medium (ISM) of nearby normal galaxies, by comparing observations in the ultraviolet (UV) with simulations by a radiative transfer model. The observed...

Deep Extragalactic Surveys around the Ecliptic Poles with AKARI (ASTRO-F) (2006)

Matsuhara, Hideo, Wada, Takehiko, Matsuura, Shuji, Nakagawa, Takao, Kawada, Mitsunobu, Oyama, Youichi, ...

AKARI (formerly ASTRO-F) is an infrared space telescope designed for an all-sky survey at 10-180 (mu)m, and deep pointed surveys of selected areas at 2-180 (mu)m. The deep pointed surveys with AKARI...

UV and FIR selected star-forming galaxies at z=0: differences and overlaps (2006)

Xu, C. Kevin, Buat, Veronique, Iglesias-Páramo, Jorge, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Barlow, Tom A., Bianchi, Luciana, ...

We study two samples of local galaxies, one is UV (GALEX) selected and the other FIR (IRAS) selected, to address the question whether UV and FIR surveys see the two sides ('bright' and 'dark') of the...

The evolution of the ultraviolet and infrared luminosity densities in the universe at 0 (2005)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Buat, Veronique, Burgarella, Denis

The ratio between far-ultraviolet (FUV) and infrared (IR) luminosity densities from z=0 to z=1 is discussed by using the luminosity functions (LFs) of both wavelengths. The FUV LF (z=0-1) based on...

Extinction curves expected in young galaxies (2005)

Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Nozawa, Takaya, Kozasa, Takashi, Ishii, Takako T., Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

We investigate the extinction curves of young galaxies in which dust is supplied from Type II supernovae (SNe II) and/or pair instability supernovae (PISNe). We adopt Nozawa et al. (2003) for...

The ISO 170um Luminosity Function of Galaxies (2005)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Ishii, Takako T., Dole, Herve, Dennefeld, Michel, Lagache, Guilaine, Puget, Jean-Loup

We constructed a local luminosity function (LF) of galaxies using a flux-limited sample (S_170 > 0.195Jy) of 55 galaxies at z < 0.3 taken from the ISO FIRBACK survey at 170um. The overall shape of...

Dust and Molecules in Early Galaxies: Prediction and Strategy for Observations (2005)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

The interplay between dust and molecules is of fundamental importance in early galaxy evolution. First we present the prediction for the dust emission from forming galaxies. Then we discuss the...

The evolution of the ultraviolet and infrared luminosity densities in the universe at 0 (2005)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Buat, Veronique, Burgarella, Denis

The ratio between far-ultraviolet (FUV) and infrared (IR) luminosity densities from z=0 to z=1 is discussed by using the luminosity functions (LFs) of both wavelengths. The FUV LF (z=0-1) based on...

A model for the infrared dust emission from forming galaxies (2005)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Ishii, Takako T., Nozawa, Takaya, Kozasa, Takashi, Hirashita, Hiroyuki

In the early epoch of galaxy evolution, dust is only supplied by supernovae (SNe). With the aid of a new physical model of dust production by SNe developed by Nozawa et al. (2003) (N03), we...

Extinction curves expected in young galaxies (2005)

Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Nozawa, Takaya, Kozasa, Takashi, Ishii, Takako T., Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

We investigate the extinction curves of young galaxies in which dust is supplied from Type II supernovae (SNe II) and/or pair instability supernovae (PISNe). We adopt Nozawa et al. (2003) for...

The evolution of the ultraviolet and infrared luminosity densities in the universe at 0 (2005)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Buat, Veronique, Burgarella, Denis

The ratio between far-ultraviolet (FUV) and infrared (IR) luminosity densities from z=0 to z=1 is discussed by using the luminosity functions (LFs) of both wavelengths. The FUV LF (z=0-1) based on...

Extinction curves expected in young galaxies (2005)

Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Nozawa, Takaya, Kozasa, Takashi, Ishii, Takako T., Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

We investigate the extinction curves of young galaxies in which dust is supplied from Type II supernovae (SNe II) and/or pair instability supernovae (PISNe). We adopt Nozawa et al. (2003) for...

A model for the infrared dust emission from forming galaxies (2005)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Ishii, Takako T., Nozawa, Takaya, Kozasa, Takashi, Hirashita, Hiroyuki

In the early epoch of galaxy evolution, dust is only supplied by supernovae (SNe). With the aid of a new physical model of dust production by SNe developed by Nozawa et al. (2003) (N03), we...

Dust and Molecules in Early Galaxies: Prediction and Strategy for Observations (2005)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

The interplay between dust and molecules is of fundamental importance in early galaxy evolution. First we present the prediction for the dust emission from forming galaxies. Then we discuss the...

The ISO 170um Luminosity Function of Galaxies (2005)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Ishii, Takako T., Dole, Herve, Dennefeld, Michel, Lagache, Guilaine, Puget, Jean-Loup

We constructed a local luminosity function (LF) of galaxies using a flux-limited sample (S_170 > 0.195Jy) of 55 galaxies at z < 0.3 taken from the ISO FIRBACK survey at 170um. The overall shape of...

A model for the infrared dust emission from forming galaxies (2005)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Ishii, Takako T., Nozawa, Takaya, Kozasa, Takashi, Hirashita, Hiroyuki

In the early epoch of galaxy evolution, dust is only supplied by supernovae (SNe). With the aid of a new physical model of dust production by SNe developed by Nozawa et al. (2003) (N03), we...

Dust and Molecules in Early Galaxies: Prediction and Strategy for Observations (2005)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

The interplay between dust and molecules is of fundamental importance in early galaxy evolution. First we present the prediction for the dust emission from forming galaxies. Then we discuss the...

The ISO 170um Luminosity Function of Galaxies (2005)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Ishii, Takako T., Dole, Herve, Dennefeld, Michel, Lagache, Guilaine, Puget, Jean-Loup

We constructed a local luminosity function (LF) of galaxies using a flux-limited sample (S_170 > 0.195Jy) of 55 galaxies at z < 0.3 taken from the ISO FIRBACK survey at 170um. The overall shape of...

The evolution of the ultraviolet and infrared luminosity densities in the universe at 0 (2005)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Buat, Veronique, Burgarella, Denis

The ratio between far-ultraviolet (FUV) and infrared (IR) luminosity densities from z=0 to z=1 is discussed by using the luminosity functions (LFs) of both wavelengths. The FUV LF (z=0-1) based on...

Extinction curves expected in young galaxies (2005)

Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Nozawa, Takaya, Kozasa, Takashi, Ishii, Takako T., Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

We investigate the extinction curves of young galaxies in which dust is supplied from Type II supernovae (SNe II) and/or pair instability supernovae (PISNe). We adopt Nozawa et al. (2003) for...

Dust emission model of Lyman-break galaxies (2004)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Ishii, Takako T.

Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) contain a non-negligible amount of dust. Takeuchi et al. (2003)(T03) constructed a model of the infrared spectral energy distribution (SED) for very young galaxies by...

A General Formulation of the Source Confusion Statistics and Application to Infrared Galaxy Surveys (2003)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Ishii, Takako T.

Source confusion has been a long-standing problem in the astronomical history. In the previous formulation, sources are assumed to be distributed homogeneously on the sky. This fundamental assumption...

Infrared Spectral Energy Distribution Model for Extremely Young Galaxies (2003)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Ishii, Takako T., Hunt, Leslie K., Ferrara, Andrea

The small grain sizes produced by Type II supernova (SN II) models in young, metal-poor galaxies make the appearance of their infrared (IR) spectral energy distribution (SED) quite different from...

The Luminosity Function of IRAS PSCz Galaxies (2003)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Yoshikawa, Kohji, Ishii, Takako T.

We estimated the luminosity function (LF) of IRAS galaxies in the PSCz catalogue. The faint end of the PSCz LF is slightly steeper than that of the LF derived by Saunders et al. (1990; S90). Using an...

A New Empirical Method of Estimation of the Far-Infrared Flux of Galaxies (2002)

Nagata, Hirohisa, Shibai, Hiroshi, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Onaka, Takashi

We propose a new empirical method to estimate the total far-infrared flux of galaxies from the spectral energy distribution (SED) at wavelengths lambda shorter than 100 microns. It is difficult to...

A Bridge from Optical to Infrared Galaxies: Explaining Local Properties, Predicting Galaxy Counts and the Cosmic Background Radiation (2002)

Totani, Tomonori, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

We give an explanation for the origin of various properties observed in local infrared galaxies, and make predictions for galaxy counts and cosmic background radiation (CBR), by a new model extended...

Absorption Measurement of Hydrogen Molecules in the Early Universe (2001)

Shibai, Hiroshi, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Rengarajan, T. N., Hirashita, Hiroyuki

We investigate the observability of hydrogen molecules in absorption. The absorption efficiency of the hydrogen molecules become comparable with or larger than that of the dust grains in the...

The Radio-to-Submillimeter Flux Density Ratio of Galaxies as a Measure of Redshift (2001)

Rengarajan, T. N., Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

We re-examine the technique of determining the redshifts of galaxies from the ratio of the submillimeter-to-radio continuum flux densities based on a recently published catalog of 850~$\mu$m sources....

Mass-Metallicity Relation for the Local Group Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies: A New Picture for the Chemical Enrichment of Galaxies in the Lowest Mass Range (2001)

Tamura, Naoyuki, Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

The virial mass ($M_{\rm vir}$)-metallicity relation among the Local Group dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) is examined. Hirashita, Takeuchi, & Tamura showed that the dSphs can be divided into two...

Impact of Future Submillimeter and Millimeter Large Facilities on the Studies of Galaxy Formation and Evolution (2001)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Kawabe, Ryohei, Kohno, Kotaro, Nakanishi, Koichiro, Ishii, Takako T., Hirashita, Hiroyuki, ...

We investigate what we can learn about galaxy formation and evolution from the data which will be obtained by the forthcoming large submillimeter/millimeter facilities, mainly by the Atacama...

Exploring Galaxy Evolution from Infrared Number Counts and Cosmic Infrared Background (2000)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Ishii, Takako T., Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Yoshikawa, Kohji, Matsuhara, Hideo, Kawara, Kimiaki, ...

Recently reported infrared (IR) galaxy number counts and cosmic infrared background (CIRB) all suggest that galaxies have experienced a strong evolution sometime in their lifetime. We statistically...

Tests of Statistical Methods for Estimating Galaxy Luminosity Function and Applications to the Hubble Deep Field (2000)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Yoshikawa, Kohji, Ishii, Takako T.

We studied the statistical methods for the estimation of the luminosity function (LF) of galaxies. We focused on four nonparametric estimators: $1/V_{\rm max}$ estimator, maximum-likelihood estimator...

Application of the Information Criterion to the Estimation of Galaxy Luminosity Function (1999)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

To determine the exact shape of the luminosity function (LF) of galaxies is one of the central problems in galactic astronomy and observational cosmology. The most popular method to estimate the LF...

The IRIS Far-Infrared Galaxy Survey : Expected Number Count, Redshift, and Perspective (1998)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Hirashita, Hiroyuki, Ohta, Kouji, Hattori, Takashi G., Ishii, Takako T., Shibai, Hiroshi

Infrared Imaging Surveyor (IRIS) is a satellite which will be launched in the beginning of 2003. One of the main purposes of the IRIS mission is an all-sky survey at far-infrared (FIR) with a flux...

Two Species of the Local Group Dwarf Spheroidals (1998)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Hirashita, Hiroyuki

We analyzed 10 dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) in the Local Group, and found two distinct sequences on the $M_{\rm vir} / L$ -- $M_{\rm vir}$ plane: $M_{\rm vir} / L \propto M_{\rm vir}^{1.6}$ for...

Photometric Properties of Kiso Ultraviolet-Excess Galaxies in the Lynx-Ursa Major Region (1998)

Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Tomita, Akihiko, Nakanishi, Kouichiro, Ishii, Takako T., Iwata, Ikuru, Saitō, Mamoru

We have performed a systematic study of several regions in the sky where the number of galaxies exhibiting star formation (SF) activity is greater than average. We used Kiso ultraviolet-excess...

Emergence of a Twisted Magnetic Flux Bundle as a Source of Strong Flare Activity (1997)

Ishii, Takako T., Kurokawa, Hiroki, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T.

Sunspot proper motions and flares of a super active region NOAA 5395, which was the biggest and the most flare-active region in the 22nd sunspot cycle, were analyzed in details. We measured sunspot...

Characteristics of Kiso Ultra-Violet Excess Galaxies (1997)

Tomita, Akihiko, Takeuchi, Tsutomu T., Usui, Tadashi, Saito, Mamoru

We examined the general characteristics of the Kiso Ultra-violet Excess Galaxies (KUGs). We present for the first time the quantitative expressions for the criteria of the KUGs; the boundary color...